A Study On The Settlement Archaeological From The Yangshao To The Eastern Zhou Period In Shangqiu And Its Neighboring Areas

Shangqiu and its neighboring areas are located in the middle of the Central Plains culture and the Oriental culture,and the location is crucial,and the cultural outlook is complex.Based on the analysis of the archaeological and cultural features of the region,the academic community has formed a relatively complete archaeological chronicle,and has carried out various aspects of research under this framework,but in general,the research on the Yangshao to Eastern Zhou period in the region is relatively weak,such as the lack of long-term observation and research of this area from the perspective of regional settlement archaeology.This paper proposes to observe and study Shangqiu and its neighboring areas(including Henan Zhoukou,Kaifeng,Shandong Heze,etc.)for a long period of time from the perspective of regional settlement archaeology,and to explore the evolution of settlements in the region by combing the relevant materials of the settlement sites from Yangshao to the Eastern Zhou Dynasty in the region,and further grasp the important positioning of the region in the process of the development of early Chinese civilization in combination with the cultural development pattern of various stages in the region.First of all,combined with the existing research in the academic circles,the cultural development sequence of Shangqiu and the surrounding areas is sorted out as "Yangshao culture(coexisting with Dawenkou culture)-Longshan culture(coexisting with Dawenkou culture)-Erlitou culture(coexisting with Yueshi culture and Xiaqiyuan culture)-early Shang culture(coexisting with Yueshi culture)-late Shang culture-Western Zhou culture-Eastern Zhou culture period".Secondly,more than 300 settlement sites in Shangqiu and neighboring areas from Yangshao to Eastern Zhou were sorted out,and the settlements of each stage were divided into central settlements and general grass-roots settlements according to the grade and specifications of their remains,and typical sites were selected for case analysis.Finally,the environmental information and settlement information of Shangqiu and the neighboring areas from Yangshao to the Eastern Zhou Dynasty are integrated,the evolution of settlements in the region is analyzed and summarized,and the significance of the development process of early Chinese civilization is emphasized in combination with the cultural development pattern of each stage in the region.The findings suggest:First,during the Yangshao to Eastern Zhou periods in Shangqiu and the neighboring areas,the dominant factors affecting the location of settlements in this area gradually change from natural factors to human factors,there was a tendency to gradually change from natural factors to human factors--the site selection of settlements in the Yangshao to Longshan period was mainly affected by natural factors,and the influence of human factors was small;In the process of gradually changing the climate to dry and cold,the influence of natural factors on the site selection of settlements still occupies an important position,but for the site selection of central settlements,the influence of human factors gradually rises;By the Xia and Shang periods,natural and human factors were almost equally divided;By the Zhou Dynasty,the Zhou Tianzi distributed the fief to the vassals,to protect the Zhou dynasty,and humanistic factors gradually dominated.Second,due to the long-term tug-of-war between the Central Plains culture and the Oriental Haidai culture,the cultural development pattern of the region is more complicated,and the development trend of different cultures has changed in various stages in this region-in the late Yangshao period,the Dawenkou culture in the East moved westward on a large scale,replacing the Yangshao culture.The Yongsan era formed the type of Wangyoufang with local characteristics,which also contained a variety of cultural factors;The Yueshi culture that followed and continued to the lower stage of Erligang or the upper stage of Erligang was followed by the Yueshi culture;In the late Erlitou culture,the Erlitou culture in the hinterland of the Central Plains and the Xiaqiyuan culture in the eastern foothills of the Taihang Mountains were staggered with the local Yueshi culture.During the Erligang cultural period,the local area was mainly Yueshi culture,and it was not until the upper phase of Erligang or the Baijiazhuang period that the remnants of the Erligang culture were discovered locally.In the late Shang period,a Shang culture with a local style was popular,that is,the late Shang culture Anqiugudui type.The most important fiefdom in the Zhou Dynasty was the Song Dynasty,and the use of the ruins of the Song Capital City found in Shangqiu may cover the Western Zhou and Eastern Zhou dynasties.Third,the development trend of the scale of settlements in the region is not a one-line evolution process of sustained prosperity or continuous decline,but is affected by factors such as climate change and political pattern and shows different stage characteristics in each period-during the Yangshao to Longshan period,the natural environmental conditions are superior,and the peaceful exchanges between the Central Plains culture and the Oriental Haidai culture,including the circulation of products and personnel,are gradually deepened,so that the region shows economic and population prosperity,in the case of little impact from the flood.People’s settlements gradually expand and develop,the general grass-roots settlements gradually increase,and the central settlements also form a certain degree of control over the surrounding grass-roots settlements surrounded by fans or circles.During the Xia and Shang period,there was not only gentle communication between settlements,but also fierce violent conflicts,and the number of settlements in this period was roughly maintained at the previous level and declined,and the control of the central settlement over the surrounding grass-roots settlements was gradually strengthened,and functional tendencies gradually appeared.At the turn of the Shang and Zhou Dynasties,there was a clear trend of reduction in the settlements in Shangqiu and its neighbors,and it is speculated that each settlement was built closer to the lowlands of the plains as the climate As the climate becomes dry,so it was buried deeper than the ruins of the mound after being swept away by later floods and was difficult to find.During the Eastern Zhou Dynasty,As the Zhoutianzi divided the land to the vassals,the construction of shangqiu and neighboring cities in the zhou region,the settlement flourished,and the number and size were greatly increased.Fourth,the unique settlement evolution process in the region provides a regional model for further exploring the development process of early Chinese civilization.Due to the influence of environmental changes,special geographical location,cultural or political pattern development and other factors in the region in various periods,the settlements at each stage as a whole present a cultural outlook of multicultural interaction and exchange,and from a long-term point of view,the development trend of the settlements shows a tortuous evolution process of rising and falling,from which we can glimpse the development of various cultures or the relationship between ethnic groups,which shows that Shangqiu and its neighboring areas have special significance in promoting the research of the process of early Chinese civilization.