The Two-stage Model Of Judgment Of Confidence:Evidence From Eye Movement And ERP

Judgment of confidence(JOC)refers to the judgment of the confidence in the correctness of one’s own answer after extracting the learning materials,which is a typical retrospective metacognitive monitoring.In the classic confidence judgment research paradigm,JOC occurs after recognition/recall tasks.Previous studies on the relationship between JOC and retrieval fluency have shown that JOC increase with retrieval fluency,suggesting that JOC may be a one-stage process.However,further research shows that there is a more complex internal mechanism in JOC.Some studies have found that there are brainwave components related to extraction and source monitoring in the process of JOC which suggests that JOC may involve two different stages.The study on the relationship between confidence judgment reaction time and confidence judgment level found that there is a nonlinear relationship between confidence judgment reaction time and confidence judgment level.These results also support that JOC may have more than one stage.In addition,studies on the time-processing process of metacognitive monitoring have shown that there are two stages in prospective metacognitive monitoring: cue extraction and cue evaluation.However,JOC belongs to retrospective metacognitive monitoring,which is metacognitive monitoring that is evaluated after extraction,which is quite different from prospective metacognitive monitoring.Therefore,this study attempts to test whether JOC also exist in the cue extraction phase and the cue evaluation phase.This study discusses the internal mechanism of confidence judgment through three experiments,proposes a two-stage model of confidence processing,and verifies it from the perspective of behavior and neural mechanism.Experiment 1 uses the classic paradigm of JOC to explore the relationship between the reaction time of confidence judgment and the level of confidence judgment.The results show that there is an inverted U-shaped relationship between the confidence judgment reaction time and the confidence judgment level.This suggests that there may be two stages in JOC.Experiment 2 uses eye movement technology to explore the internal mechanism of confidence judgment from the behavioral level.It was found that in the region of face pictures(cue retrieval),the fixation duration of high-level confidence judgments was significantly higher than that of low-level ones.But in the confidence judgment area(cue application),there was no significant difference in the percentage of fixation time between high and low confidence judgments.This shows that there are two stages in the process of JOC: clue extraction and clue application,and there are differences in the internal process of different levels of confidence judgment.Experiment,at the level of brain physiology,uses the event-related potential technology to explore the difference between the two stages of JOC.The following research results are obtained:(1)At the behavioral level,there are significant differences in the judgment time and recognition performance of high-level and low-level confidence judgments.Compared with high-level confidence judgments,the judgment reaction time of low-level confidence judgments is significantly longer than that of high-level confidence judgments,and their recognition performance in the test phase were even worse.(2)From the frontal lobe to the center,low-level confidence judgments induced more negative N400 than high-level conditions;in the frontal region,high-level confidence judgments induced stronger late positive slow waves(500-700ms).This study draws the following conclusions: First,there is an inverted U-shaped relationship between the confidence judgment reaction time and the confidence judgment level.Second,there are two stages in the confidence judgment process,cue extraction and cue application,confirming the two-stage model.Third,there are differences in the processing mechanisms of high-level confidence judgments and low-level confidence judgments in the clue extraction and clue application stages of confidence judgments.