Research On The Russian Code Of 149

In the 14 th century,Muscovy rose and defeated other principalities through political and military means.The Grand Duke of Moscow was given the title of "Grand Duke of Vladimir" by the Mongols and became the nominal Grand Duke of All Rus.Thus,Muscovy began the process of unifying all Rus.By the time of Ivan the Third,the Principality of Muscovy had largely united Rus and became the de facto Grand Duke of All Rus.The 1497 Sudebnik,promulgated by Ivan the Third,as the first national code promulgated by Muscovy after the unification of the whole of Russia,not only reflected the economic,political and social changes in the region of Russia during this period,but also played an important role in the establishment of centralization of power,the economic development of feudal landlords and the development of later Russian laws.The first chapter mainly discusses the historical background of the promulgation of The 1497 Sudebnik in Russia.Muscovy basically unified the Rus through military and political means and got rid of the rule of the Mongol Tartars.Agriculture,which had been destroyed by the Mongol invasion,began to recover,and metal tools and new farming systems increased productivity and led to a feudal landlord economy.The free farmers began to disappear and became tenant farmers to the landlord.Handicraft industry and commerce also flourished,especially commerce,and the foreign and domestic trade of the Ross region began to develop rapidly.The cities in Ross became more and more colorful as commercial centers.There appeared commercial districts,merchant classes,and even merchant groups specializing in local commerce.In international trade,as a bridge between the East and the West,Russia took on the channel of Commodity Exchange between the East and the West.At the same time,it also produced fur,wood and other products.The famous Novgorod was the center of international trade in Russia during this period.In law,the Russkaia Pravdain the period of Kievan Rus and the code of various duchy in the period of feudal partition provided a rich legal basis for the formulation and promulgation of the 1497 Sudebnik.The second chapter mainly discusses the main contents and norms of The 1497 Sudebnik.The establishment of the unified regime,the development of the feudal landlord economy and the prosperity of commerce made Muscovy need a new code to adapt to the changes of this period,and The 1497 Sudebnik came into being.The 1497 Sudebnik absorbed the previous Russkaia Pravda and the code of feudal principalities to adapt to the characteristics of the new society,and added new laws according to the needs of the ruling class such as the Grand Dukes of Moscow and the nobles of various regions.The 1497 Sudebnik adapted to the development of the feudal landlord economy and protected the privileges of the aristocracy and the church and other ruling classes,especially their land rights and interests.The relevant regulations on commerce basically continued the contents of the laws of the feudal principalities such as the Pskov Code,but they paid more attention to the unity with the whole Rus and did not give preferential treatment to the merchants of one place.The 1497 Sudebnik also upheld an increasingly powerful centralized authority,legally weakening the powers of the Boyar aristocracy in favor of the lesser nobility everywhere.The code also reflects the bureaucratic system established by the Muscovy Principality during this period,and relies on laws to define its functions and powers,regulate the behavior of officials and supervise them through relevant means.This bureaucratic system largely helped the Grand princes of Moscow to rule effectively everywhere.The most famous clause of The 1497 Sudebnik is Article 57,which restricts the peasants’ right to leave,which is regarded as the beginning of the serfization of Russian peasants.It also reflects that the development of the feudal landlord economy in Russia requires stronger control over peasants to ensure that peasants are confined to the land.Slaves were restricted in origin,and from this period on,the line between peasants and slaves began to blur.These drastic changes in economic and social levels have led to the re-division of social classes and more intense social contradictions.In addition,The 1497 Sudebnik confirmed a new judicial system and a new judicial tax system.The third chapter discusses the historical influence of The 1497 Sudebnik.The1497 Sudebnik undoubtedly played a huge role in Russia’s politics,economy and society.It established the centralization of power in Russia and was the beginning of serfdom of peasants.Moreover,it influenced the development of later Russian laws.The 1550 Sudebnik of Ivan IV could be regarded as the improvement of The 1497 Sudebnik.