Jean-paul Sartre’s View Of Others And Its Contemporary Value

Since modern western philosophy,since Descartes restored the rational subject of human beings and established the principle of self-centeredness,’ self ’ has become the most undoubted and true thing,while the existence of others is probable,so proving the existence of others has become an inevitable problem for philosophers.Since modern times,philosophers mostly discuss others from the perspective of subject-object binary opposition,and recognize ’ others ’ as an object.The existence of others is because ’ self ’ can recognize ’ others ’,so the relationship between me and others is the relationship between cognition and cognition.And then look at others from the perspective of the subject.Later,Hegel and Husserl also fell into the dilemma of solipsism when clarifying ’ others ’.Modern existentialist Heidegger revisits the question of " being," and attributes the original basic structure of Dasein to " being in the world," believing that Dasein is essentially a primitive co-existence.From the perspective of ontology,the relationship between self and others is attributed to the relationship between existence and existence.As a master of existentialism,Sartre,on the basis of inheriting and criticizing Heidegger ’s thought of others,starting from the existence of human beings,reveals ’ others ’ from daily experience,and ’ others ’ are revealed to us in daily life.Taking the pre-reflection of self-thinking as the starting point,Kon Sartre proves the existence of others through the phenomenological description of ’ gazing ’,that is,others can only look at me as a subject,and I can only be the object of gazing at it.Gazing not only reveals the existence of others,but also reveals my ’ existence for him ’.Being gazing at others means that my freedom is swallowed up.In gazing,I either transcend others or be transcended by others.The experience of ’ shame ’proves this extremely confused dilemma.Not only that,the human body has also experienced the same experience as the " self-made " consciousness.Under the gaze of others,my " for my body " is not in the world and becomes " for his body." The irreducibility between my " for my body " and my " for his body " shows that the human body always has the nature of confrontation,and it is impossible for others to occupy my body.Because of the self-nature of consciousness,whether obedience or conquest of others is a failure,is impossible to achieve,this is the relationship between the two failures Sartre cited.In the late Sartre analyzed others from the perspective of social history.Due to the prevalence of scarcity,the conflict between self and others has not changed,and people constitute a state of mutual threat and hostility.If the early Sartre studies others from the perspective of the internal relationship of consciousness,the late Sartre thinks about others from the perspective of history and social practice,but the conflict with ’ others ’ generally runs through Sartre ’s thoughts in the early and late periods,which is summarized in one sentence : others are hell.Sartre ’s theory is a reflection of the times,and it is to help the bottom class under the cover of terror to find a way to freedom.Therefore,it is necessary to review Sartre ’s theory of others dialectically,not to deny and affirm it.It is necessary to see its limitations and to draw a reflection on the present.For example,after violent conflicts,trust crises,natural disasters and other events,we reflect on the necessity of actively exerting the initiative of consciousness,vigorously developing productive forces,enriching material materials and drawing close to the community of human destiny.