Studies On Germplasm Resources Of Amomum Villosum Lour

Fructus Amomi is a kind of dried ripe-fruit from three kind of plants Amomum villosumLour.,A.villosum Lour.var.xanthioides T.L.Wu et Senjen and Amomum longiligulare T.L.Wu which are belonged to cardamom,Zingiberaceae.It's well known as one of four famous northem herbs in China.A.villosum var,xanthioides is produced mainly in Vietnam,Myanmar,Thailand and Yunnan,A.longiligulare's main produced areas are Hainan,Guangdong and Yunnan,because of poor quality and low-yield,in recent years,both of the two districtions Amomum villosume never been planted basically,among three kinds of medicinal materials,the quality of Yangchun is the best,and the yield is the largest,it is the mainstream of the markest, The quality of AMOMUM VILLOSUM produced by original habitat of YangChun is superior to Guangxi,Yunnan and Fujian which are the introduced areas of AMOMUM VILLOSUM produced.Amomum villosum distributed mainly in Guangdong,Yunnan,Guangxi,Fujian, Sichuan,Guizhou and so on,planted mainly by cultivating,Guangdong is the original habitat,the best quality of AMOMUM VILLOSUM were produced from Pardong Jinhua Hang,a county of YangChun,the following is Spring Bay.Amomum villosum,Weixin,a herb with warm property and pungent flAmomum villosumour,has such effects as resoving dampness to improve appetite,warming spleen to arrest diarrhia,regulating Qi to prevent miscarriage etc.It has been used on clinic for more than 1300 years and at present it is mainly used to treat signs of fullness in stomach and loss of appitite due to the sydrome of dampness accumulate in middle Jiao,or signs of vomitting,diarrhia,severe vomiting during pregnancy and abnormal fetal movement due to the sydrome of cold and deficiency of spleen and stomach.There are more than twenty kinds of Proprietary Chinese medicines which are made of Fructus Amomi,for the characteristics and advantages of smell,it also used to be the excellent spice and accessory of Health food.so Fructus Amomi is a dual-use medicine of drug and food.The past 30 years,all aspect researchs of AMOMUM VILLOSUM were abundant and being perfect gradually,during九五and十五,our school has carried out the national key scientific and technological projects,such as "study on quality standard of Fructus Amomi medicine" and "Study on standard cultivation of Fructus Amomi and other four Traditional Chinese medicines",initially drawn up a" quality standards of Fructus Amomi medicines "and" standard operating procedures of Amomum villosum." But the germplasm of Amomum villosum is still lack of a comprehensive and systematic study,in order to improve the yield and quality of Amomum villosum medicines ensure their safety,reliability and stability,in-depth and meticulous research of germplasm of AMOMUM VILLOSUM has been carried out in the subject,on the basis of carrying out a comprehensive investigation on germplasm resources of Amomum villosum from different producing areas,to research and evaluate the type and quality of germplasm,and carry out a comprehensive systematic research on seed breeding.Part 1.Literature ResearchOn the basis of reviewing every reseached aspects of AMOMUM VILLOSUM and the materials related to the research comprehensibly and systematically,to sum up the textual research of material medicine,textual research of species' origin, germplasm resources research,research on cultivation and researched progress of germplasm resources at home and abroad.Part 2.experiment study1.Survey and analys of germplasm resources of AMOMUM VILLOSUM(1)Pollination of Amomum villosum from different producing areasThe necessary insect pollinators are short of during the bloom of Amomum villosum and cultivation of Amomum villosum mainly rely on artificial pollination in Guangdong,Guangxi and other areas,while Xishuangbanna of Yunnan is abundant with secondary forest which has the ideal medium,such as insect pollinators and so on,and cultivation of Amomum villosum without artificial pollination.(2)The impacts of Habitat conditions on the growth of Amomum villosum in different producing areasA.The original habitat of Guangdong Yangchun and the surrounding areas Amomum villosume an ideal ecological environment and habitat conditions,the period of growing a fruit is short,the fruit maturity is high,and the per-mu yields and rate of dry fruit are highest.B.Amomum villosum producing area of Fujian is close to the coast,which has resemblant mountain resources and the ecological environment with YangChun,the period of growing a fruit and fruit maturity of Amomum villosum are slightly lower than the Guangdong's,per-mu yields and rate of dry fruit are next to Guangdong.C.Guangxi is adjacent to Guangdong,although the area has a resemblant ecological environment with Guangdong,the high mountain and dense forest improve the shaded level.So that Amomum villosum prolong the period of flowering and fruit, fruit maturity is not uniform,per-mu yields and rate of dry fruit are lower than Guangdong and Fujian's.D.Yunnan as the largest introduced district of AMOMUM VILLOSUM,its abundant virgin forest provide too large shaded level to planting field,so Amomum villosum has a long flowering and fruit period,fruit maturity is not uniform,and per-mu yields and rate of dry fruit are the lowest.Habitat conditions of Amomum villosum is essential to the per-mu yields and quality which is one of the important ecological factors.that can affect the growth of Amomum villosum.(3)The analysis and survey on cultivation and production of Amomum villosumTO investigate and analyse the resources distribution,Habitat conditions, cultivation and production of AMOMUM VILLOSUM in original habitat and different introduced districtions,thus found out that,①Under the encouragement of preferential policy of local government,the cultivation scale of the AMOMUM VILLOSUM gradually expands in Yangchun of Guangdong province②for more and more medicinal farmers are engaging in growing high-income economical crops,the scale of AMOMUM VILLOSUM reduces and the total output drops down obviously in the surrounding area,Yunnan and Guangxi③The growing scale in Fujian province remains unchanged.2.The collection and identification of germplasm of Amomum villosum(1)Germplasm collection The investigation and the collection of the resource of AMOMUM VILLOSUM were carried out by field-investigation for 53 samples collected from 18 districtions(8 counties and cities of 3 provinces),including 18 seeds of Amomum villosum,15 live plants,9 medicinal crops,7 samples of wax leaf,four types of farmed cultivative germplasm in Yangchun.(2)Identification of Amomum villosum germplasm The collection of the original plant for materials of identification collected from Panlong District,Spring Bay and the surrounding areas of Yangchun,Guangxi,Yunnan,Fujian and other introduction areas,to observe morphology of the original plant,check and fix variety by comparing with literature with plant classificatory methods,3.Quality evaluation and breeding research of Amomum villosum germplasm(1)Comparative Study on characteristics of farmed cultivated Amomum villosumA.Objective To identificate and compare with the characteristics of different farmed cultivated Amomum villosum,find out the main germplasm type,amount distribution and causes of the original habitat of Yangchun,thus provide evidences for breeding of good germplasm.B.Methods The observation and comparison of different types of collected germplasm samples were carried out by field-investigation and reaserch with traditional agricultural methods,C.Results Cause the impacts of environmental climate and cultivative techniques,the original habitat of Yangchun has ever found four types of farmed cultivation:long fruit 1 and 2,round fruit 1 and 2 four types of farmed cultivation, At present,the main cultivative type is The long fruit 2 with the fine characteristics of seed.the rest three types drop down gradually due to poor characteristics of seed,and died out gradually by natural or man-made.D.Conclusions varied types of Amomum villosum germplasm due to changing ecological environment and cultivative techniques,but the difference of germplasm made them re-screened by natural or man-made,so propagation and breeding selection of the fine characterstics of germplasm of Amomum villosum can be carried out by adjusting the ecological factors and improving the cultivated technology,(2)Breeding-selection Research on late flower types of Amomum villosumA.Objective to carry out the study on excellent germplasm breeding-selection of "late flower types," pollinated by Insects and solve the problems of artificial pollination,lay the early foundation on high-yield and high-quality of Amomum villosum medicine materials.B.Methods the research on breeding-selection and propagation in field by using the traditional agricultural planting methods.C.results,the "late flower type" and the traditional long fruit 2 Amomum villosume significant difference on number of the leAmomum villosumes,the length and width size,thickness of Amomum villosumes and the morphology of leaf and the whole plant,"the late flower type "is obviously taller and straighter and stronger than the long fruit 2,simultaneously,being wilder and more difficult to lodging,stick stem and large Amomum villosumes,long inter-knob,and more dense and green.D.Conclusion Breeding research on the "latest type of flower" of Amomum villosum is of great significance about the breeding of insects pollination of good germplasm(pollinated with different flowers' pollen),problems of artificial pollination,reducing the cultivated costs and increasing yield and quality.(3)To compare with the growth characteristics of Amomum villosum seedlings sowed in field from different areasA.Objective To compare the growth conditions of Amomum villosum seedlings sowed in field from different areas,researching and screening the fine germplasm.B.Methods to breed and sow seedlings in field on the September 10,2005 from the original habitat of Yangchun,Yunnan and Guangxi,move them and plant on on the 1st Mountain of the University city in April of the following year,to Observe the morphological characteristics of Amomum villosum seedings from three different areasC.Results①all the characteristics' indicators of Amomum villosum seedlings from Panlong area are the highest,the seedlings of plant is high and strong,Its' growth is the best and bloom in April 15,2008;②Amomum villosum produced by Yunnan is better than those planted in the Amomum villosum market on plant height,leaf numbers,leaf width and the number of branches and the seedlings planted from Yunnan is strong,prosperous and upright③those planted in Guangxi is higher than those planted in Amomum villosum market on height of plant,the index of leaf width, and the seedlings are strong and dense④characteristics'index of seedling from Yunnan is higher than Guangxi's,and it's also growing well.D.Conclusion①Panlong is the original habitat of Amomum villosum,it's seedings Amomum villosume the best conditions of growth,②because of lacking the ideal topography and habitat conditions in "Amomum villosum market",seedlings planted in it are slim,and every detected indicators are lower than Panlong's.③Because Yunnan and Guangxi Amomum villosume Suitable ecological environment for the growth of Amomum villosum,the seedlings grow tall and straight,strong and dense,and showed strong resistance and stress resistance.(4)Quality detection and evaluation Amomum villosum seeds of different areasA.Objective To carry out the quality inspection and evaluation of Amomum villosum seeds from different areas,and select the excellent germplasm.B.Methods To detece the 1000-grain weight,life force,water content,clean degree,rate of germination and germination potential of Amomum villosum seeds..with conventional quality testing method.C.Results among the 18 samples from three produced areas,the quality of the seeds from Yangchun are the best,and the detected data of 1000-grain weight,life force,the net,the rate of germination is the highest,and the quality of seeds are also the best.while the quality of seedlings from surrounding areas,Yunnan and Guangxi were poor and all of the seed testing datas are low,D.Conclusion,the original habitat of Yangchun has an ideal ecological environment,quality of seeds are the best;②the quality of seeds from surrounding areas are slightly worse for no one care the field of AMOMUM VILLOSUM for many years,③although Yunnan,Guangxi,and other areas Amomum villosume a suitable conditions for growth of Amomum villosum,the area of shaded conditions is too large,maturity of the fruit is uneven,seeds maturity are not the same so that 1000-grain weight was affected,④the seeds of Yunnan and Guangxi delayed for some time by mail,so the quality of the seeds were poor due to lose vitality,and the quality is close to surrounding areas' of Yangchun.4.Germination study on Amomum villosum seeds(1)Germination experimental study on Amomum villosum sanded seeds of different sowing seasonA.Objective to explore the dynamic changes of Amomum villosum seeds germination,and find appropriate storage period and sowing season,in order to provide scientific practical technology for sowing breeding and extend the practice of cultivation. B.Method under the habitat conditions of 70%to 80%,to set up two germination experimental group-with "mature seeds" and "near mature seeds" by sowing in the pots outdoor.on August 26,2005,for the first seeding,sowed 16 times every five days,for every season with amount of sowing 100,row distance between plant:4×4 cm,soil's thickness:0.2 to 0.5 cm.C.Results①Matural Amomum villosum seeds stored with wet sands are sowed by stages from late August to mid-October,the rate of germination and germinati potential Amomum villosume the trend from low to high,the rate of sowing germination was significantly decreased after late October.germination peak was not obvious before September and late October,seed germination is not neat.②Germination force of Matural seeds is higher than near mature'sD.Conclusion①Considered of the Germination force,late August to mid-October is the suitable sowing and storing season,and during this period,sowed late in the suitable time than sowed earlier with high rate of germination and the emergence of seedlings is tidy.②Considered of Productive practice.It should be sowed advanced in order for the strong seedlings and Amomum villosumoiding the diseases of plant in summer nursery,combined with the growth condition of seedlings,preliminary view is that the period from September 5 to September 20 is more appropriate for sowing.③A low germination rate As early as sowing,the unclear peak means that Amomum villosum seeds Amomum villosume a certain late ripening period.④Considered of The practical value and storage season of seeds,the seeds stored with wet sand is better than normal storage on germination and storage.(stored 55 days).⑤The more mature the seeds is,the more higher germination rate is.and the more stronger germination potential is.⑥This study indicated the suitable sowing season of Amomum villosum seeds which are stored with sand and the applicable deadline in order to find out the characteristics and laws of dynamic change of Amomum villosum seeds.(2)The influence on germination of Amomum villosum seeds with different ways to soak before sowed.A.Objective To screen the soaked methods and materials that will improve and increase seed germination of Amomum villosum.and to provide cheap and efficient soaked materials and scientific method,for the production and breeding of Amomum villosum seedsB.Method To set up 9 soaked treatmental group before sowing,Group 1 without soaking,Group 2 soaked with 15 PPM Chennai acid,Group 3 immersed with 100 PPM GA,4 to 9 group immersed with 8 hr,20hr,30hr,40hr,45hr,50hr of water,amount of sowing and comditions of sowing are similarto the germination experiment(1)2.C.Results①Seeds soaked with Chennai acid can inhibit the germination of Amomum villosum seeds and delay emergence of seedings.②GA can induce seed germinate,the rate of seed germination significantly improve after soaked for 30 hours,emergence of seedings advanced significantly.③Soked in water for eight hours Amomum villosume no effect about the seed germination,the rate of seedings Emergence and germination potential are increased in different degrees after be soaked for 20-50 hours,especially 30 to 50 hours.D.ConclusionThe treatment that soaked in100ppm GA for 30 hours and in water for 30 to 50 hours can significantly increase the germination force of Amomum villosum seeds,the method is simple practical and affordable,can be widely applied to the practice of sowing breeding production,particularly during the period when the rate of germination is Lower and the peak of germination is not obvious,(late August),so the the appropriate sowing time of AMOMUM VILLOSUM should expand from late August to September 20.(3)Study on storage methods of AMOMUM VILLOSUM seedsA.Objective:To discuss the influence on germination force and storage season of AMOMUM VILLOSUM seeds with different storage methods,and screen the suitable storage methods.B.Method:To set up three experimental groups with different storage methods of AMOMUM VILLOSUM seeds,the first group:seeds stored with wet sand at room temperature,to keep seeds moist by watering timely;the second group:seeds stored with wet sand in refrigerator(5℃～7℃),to keep seeds moist by watering;the third Group:seeds stored with the method of dry frozen in refrigerator(5℃～7℃),to keep dry without watering during the time.To do the first sowing in September 5,sowed every 10 days,and keep sowing six times,amount of sowing and sowing conditions are similar to the germination experimental study(—),2.C.Results①From the germination of view,in the former five experiments,among the three storage methods,the germination of the first group is the highest,following the second group,the lowest is the third group.The longer the seeds stored in refrigerator without watering,the lower rate of germination is.the rate of germination of the final three times is zero,and the peak of germination was not obvious,the emergence of seedings is not tidy.sowed in the last time(October 25),the rate of germination of the seeds stored with wet sand at room temperature is better than stored with high temperature. ②In the last two sowing experiments,the rate of seeds stored with wet sand at room temperature drop down sharply from 86%to 29%,while the seeds stored with wet sand in refrigerators from 40%up to 44%.D.Conclusion①Even AMOMUM VILLOSUM seeds with the method of dryed frozen can not contribute to germinate and store.②In a certain period of time,the seeds stored with wet sand at room temperature and in refrigerator are Amomum villosum ourable with germination and storage,but the germination force of the seeds with wet sand at room temperature is better than others before October 15(include the day)③If Improve and control the humidity,the ideal storage methods are that the seeds stored with wet sand in refrigerator and stored at room temperature,but considered of the seed germination force and practical production,stored with wet sand at room temperature is more pratical than stored in refrigerator.