| It is very important to provide rational nutrition and diet for the growth and development of children and adolescents. During the period of late primary school and whole middle school, a balanced diet is necessary to satisfy an increasing requirement for rapid development. Some developed countries such as United States and Japan, had published laws to regulate student's lunches. Our government takes much care of the growth of children and adolescents, and has issued respectively. The Programs for Children Development in 90's China, and The Project of Nutritional Promotion. A series of standards have been promulgated by Health Ministry to regulate nutritional diet. Beijing, Shanghai and other metropolis have implemented the programs. Government of Changchun City paid special attention to this and arranged it as one of critical events in the year 2000. Under the unified leadship, the programs have being carried out smoothly. Object: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the nutritional status of children and adolescents in this city in order to provide scientific dates to further develop the program. Methods: One middle and primary school were selected from each district of Changchun city, 150 students of male and female respectively (aged 12 or 15-year old)were randomly sampled from each school.The dietary survey was done by recording methods to collect household food consumption data for two days. The Recommend Nutrition intake (RNI) for energy and various nutrients were adopted from the value suggested by the Chinese Nutrition Society in 2000. The households were ranked and divided into three groups based on their income from high to low. Anthropometrical measurements were taken by well-trained special personal with standardized equipment.Hemoglobin levels were determined by the cyanoferrihemoglobin method. The contents of thiamin and riboflavin in the load urine were detected by fluorescence spectrophotometer, ascorbic acid and creatinine were assayed by colorimetric method, the level of calcium, iron, zinc and copper were determined by atomic spectrophotometer. Results: 1. Food consumption The average intake of cereals of children and adolescents were 399 g and 442 g. With the increase of income, the cereals intake decreased.The average intake of animal products for children and adolescents were 135 g and 147 g. The intakes of animal food increased greatly with the elevation of household income.The average intakes of vegetables were 275 g, 282 g, nearly as much as (city average daily intake)CADI. Intakes of milk and dairy products by children and adolescents were universally low, averaging 62 g. The intakes were greatly influenced by income. 2. Nutrients intake ⑴The overall average energy intake of children and adolescents was 9912 Kj and 10446 KJ. These figures were litter more than that of CADI, and the energy intake as a percentage of RNI goes up, from 102.5% to 105.3%, with an increase in income.⑵The average protein intake of children and adolescents were 74.4g and 81.4g (98.9% and 99.2% RNI). The intake of the high-income group was 88.9g, 19.0g more than that of the low-income group.⑶The fat intake averaged 67.2g and 71.2g respectively. Household income greatly influences the fat intake, 79.8g for the high-income group, and 59.7g for the low-income group. ⑷We found calcium deficiency was severe; the calcium intake of children and adolescents were universally low, averaging only 436mg (43.6% RNI), 464 mg (45.4% RNI). The calcium intake rises up with increased household income from 430 mg to 496 mg.⑸The iron intakes reached 25.2 mg (209.5% RNI), 24.7 mg (143.3% RNI),respectively for children and adolescents. ⑹The retinal equivalent (RE) intakes averaged 516μg (67.5% RNI), 550μg (68.8% RNI), a little higher than that of CADI (520μg). Household income obviously affects the RE intake, the intake of thehigh-income group was 89.0% RNI, far more than that of the low-income group (47.4% RNI). ⑺The average riboflavin intakes were 0.90 mg (69.3% RNI), 0.95 mg (65.9% RNI), close to that of CADI (0.88 mg). The intake increased with an increase in income, the high-income group consumed an amount of 74.0% RNI, whereas the low-income group was 59.1% RNI. 3. For the children and adolescents in Changchun city, the share of cereals in energy averaged 56.2%. The energy from animal food averaged 18.5%, the proportion of animal food energy to the total varied greatly among income groups.The share of cereals in total protein was 48.7%, and decreases with an increase of income. Protein from legumes was about 6.6% of the total, and the differences between high and low income groups are not notable. Protein from animal foods took 35.2% of the total. The increase of household income remarkably elevates the proportion of animal protein. 4. Anthropometrical measurement and biochemical test ⑴The Mean body height of children and adolescents in this city are 149.0 cm (148.4 cm for male, 149.6 cm for female), 162.3 cm (165.8 cm for male, 158.7 for female), and the body weight averaged respectively 40.5 kg (39.4 kg for male, 41.5 kg for female), 52.6 kg (54.5 kg for male, 50.6 kg for female). Both figures are similar to that of (city average value)CAV.⑵The hemoglobin level of children and adolescents averaged respectively 135 g/L (137.8 g/L for male, 132.4 g/L for female), 140.3 g/L (145.2 g/L for male, 135.4 g/L for female). Based on the standard suggested by China for children and adolescents, the incidence of anemia are 13.3% for children (10.2% for male, 16.4% for female), 15.4% for adolescents (13.1% for male, 17.7% for female), closing to that of their peers.⑶The results of 4-hour vitamin load test indicated that the thiamin and riboflavin for children and adolescents averaged respectively 176.8μg ,283.5μg, 678.3μg, 726.2μg. The contents of ascorbic acid in load urine reached 17.8 mg, 15.4mg, indicated that adequate amount of ascorbic acid and thiamin arecontained in the diet, but riboflavin supplement can not meet the physiological requirement. 1. The dietary energy intake of children and adolescents averaged 10179 KJ, the percentage of energy provided from carbohydrates, fats and proteins figured respectively 56.2%, 28.1% and 15.7%. 2. The diary protein intake attained 77.9g, (48.7% from cereals, 6.6% from legume, 35.2% from animal food, 9.5% from other food). The fat intake averaged 69.2 g (45.2% from animal fat, 54.8% from oil). The percentage of animal fat and protein elevated with the increase of household income. 3. The dietary contents of thiamin, niacin, ascorbic acid and vitamin E reached respectively 86.2%, 110.8%, 182.6%, and 369.5% of RNI. However, RE and riboflavin attained only 68.3% and 67.6% of RNI. 4. Considering minerals, severe calcium deficiency was found from the diet in which calcium level reached 445 mg, only 44.5% of RNI. The intake of iron, zinc and selenium averaged 176.4%, 91.4% and 98.6% of RNI, which can meet the physiological requirement. 5. The height and body weight of children and adolescents averaged 149.0 cm, 162.3 cm; 40.5 kg, 52.6 kg, the height of them is similar to the mean figure of their peers, however, the body weight is a little higher than the mean figure of their peers. The Hemoglobin level were 135.1 g/L, 140.3g/L; and the incidence of anemia reached 13.3%, 15.4%, closing to that of their peers. BMI of them is in the range of normal value. Conclusion...
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