The Characteristics Of Fertility Changes In Japan And South Korea And Its Enlightenment To My Country

Population is the foundation of a country's development,and it is more related to the long-term stability of the country in the future.In recent years,China's rapid economic development,science and technology and medical level has been greatly improved,and the comprehensive national strength has been continuously improved.However,the fertility rate has been declining.In order to alleviate the declining fertility rate,China implemented the "single two child" and"comprehensive two child" policies in 2013 and 2015.The survey found that,in addition to the increase in the number of births in the year when the policy was implemented,it began to fall in the second year,and the fertility policy did not achieve the expected effect.Because of the low fertility level for a long time,China is facing many challenges,such as the increasing aging level,the increasing deficit of social security fund,the shortage of labor force and so on.Because the process of fertility transition in Japan and South Korea is similar to that in China,this paper first reviews the foreign literature on fertility transition theory,low fertility trap and fertility status of Japan and South Korea.Then it analyzes the characteristics of population and fertility rate,age structure,economic situation and fertility policy of Japan and South Korea.AND predict the population status of China,Japan and South Korea in 2019-2050 based on the total fertility rate,life expectancy,and sex ratio at birth.Comparing China's population,economy,fertility policy,and fertility status in 2018 with Japan and South Korea's historical period,it aims to reveal the characteristics of Japan and South Korea's fertility and the implementation effect of the fertility encouragement policy,and use Japan and South Korea as a lesson to make reasonable suggestions for China's fertility policy.The research shows that:first,in terms of population,the medical level of Japan and South Korea has been greatly improved,and life expectancy is increasing at birth.However,the population of Japan has been declining for nearly 10 years.Although the total population of South Korea has not started to decline,the total and fertility rate has fallen below 1,and it is believed that it will face negative growth soon.And the population pyramid chart shows that the population of Japan and South Korea has shown a bottom shrinking phenomenon,which is caused by the declining birth rate in Japan and South Korea,and the continuous increase of the average age of first marriage and the average age of childbearing for men and women;From an economic perspective,Japan and South Korea have a high degree of economic development.South Korea's urbanization rate has reached over 80%,while Japan's rate is as high as 91.62%.However,Japan's per capita GDP growth has been weak and fluctuating in recent years,while South Korea's per capita GDP is still growing.In addition,the number of female employees in the primary and secondary industries in Japan and South Korea has decreased year by year,and the number of employees in the tertiary industry has increased year by year.Second,under the assumption of high,middle and low fertility rates,China,Japan and South Korea will have negative population growth.Moreover,if China,Japan and South Korea continue to maintain the current fertility rate until 2050,except for a few years,then the population aged 0-14 and the working population aged 15-64 in China and South Korea continue to maintain a downward trend,and the elderly population aged 65 and above will increase year by year.Third,compared with Japan and South Korea,China's fertility rate is decreasing faster than the economic growth rate,so in order to prevent the declining fertility rate from aggravating the aging problem,this paper puts forward reasonable suggestions for China's fertility policy from the aspects of nursery and child care services,educational institutions control,maternity leave system and so on.