Population Flow And Border Control In Guangxi During The Daoguang Period

During the period of Qing Dynasty’s Emperor Daoguang,the Qing government was busy dealing with the increasingly serious social conflicts in the interior and relaxed its control over the southwest frontier.More than 100,000 landless border residents are forced to move frequently to the border areas between Guangxi and Vietnam.These migrants,most of whom are unemployed,have caused violent social unrest.Among the nearly 100,000 unemployed people,the mining people who chose to go to Vietnam to make a living are the majority.Most of them are ethnic minorities with similar language,culture and customs to the ethnic groups in northern Vietnam.After a period of screening and integration,the lower miners and local ethnic minorities formed a new transnational ethnic group,while the upper mine owners and local Vietnamese th(?) ty formed a community of interests.In order to strengthen the control of the northern Vietnam,Nguy(?)n Dynasty Ming ordered the emperor to carry out reforms,trying to recover the power in the hands of the th(?) ty and squeeze out the power of the Chinese miners.However,these reform measures not only increased the tax revenue of miners,but also damaged the interests of the th(?) ty class,further intensified the social conflicts,and laid the ground for the N(?)ng V(?)n V(?)n Uprising in 13 th year of Qing Dynasty’s Emperor Daoguang.The border area between Zhen’an Prefecture of Guangxi and B(?)o L(?)c Prefecture of Vietnam,with complex terrain and interlacing ethnic groups,is an important gateway for commercial trade.It is also a typical representative of "there are frontiers without boundaries".In the 13 th and 15 th year of Qing Dynasty’s Emperor Daoguang,a massive N(?)ng V(?)n V(?)n uprising broke out in B(?)o L(?)c Prefecture of Vietnam,involving thousands of Chinese miners,and spread to the territory of Zhen ’an Prefecture of China,causing continuous unrest on the Sino-Vietnamese border,forcing the Qing and Nguy(?)n dynasties to constantly adjust their border management measures.The Qing Dynasty frequently negotiated with the Nguy(?)n Dynasty within the suedvassal system,and the Daoguang Emperor ordered that the border people were strictly forbidden to leave the country,while refusing to enter the Nguy(?)n Dynasty to arrest them,but they were unable to reach them.The Vietnamese Nguy(?)n Dynasty dealt harshly with the Chinese miners who participated in the uprising,but took relatively lenient measures for those who did not participate,and did not expel all of them.The N(?)ng V(?)n V(?)n uprising broke out because Ming ordered Emperor to increase taxes,try to recover the power of the th(?) ty,and reform the mining industry,but forced the Nguy(?)n Dynasty to adjust the mining policy,the overseas Chinese policy,and implement the policy of return to the land.However,a series of adjustments made by the Qing and Nguy(?)n dynasties had little effect,which fully reflected the special situation of the region in the power vacuum.In the Daoguang period,the population in the China-Vietnam border area of Guangxi was constantly flowing,but the Nguy(?)n Dynasty and the N(?)ng V(?)n V(?)n’s army in Vietnam also tried to avoid conflicts with the Qing Dynasty,and dared not burn,kill and plunder in the Qing Dynasty,and generally did not touch the ruling order of the Qing Dynasty in the border.