Research On The Chinese Employment Growth During The Transformation Period

Employment is the root of the people’s livelihood; income is the source of the people’s livelihood; and Social Security is the foundation of the people’s livelihood. The people’s livelihood and employment problems have caused widespread concern of the government, academics and the public during the new normal China’s economic growth. In the transformation period, promote the job growth and maintain the employment stability both help to formulate the macroeconomic policy and to realize the grand goal of building a moderately prosperous society by 2020. In the view of Nobel Laureate Joseph Stiglitz, "the urbanization in China and the high technology development in the United States will be the two keys to influence the human development in the 21st century deeply." The urbanization will become a driving force for China’s sustainable development, and also could solve problems caused by the past three decades of rapid economic development, such as the problem of economic restructuring, income inequality, environmentally unsustainable, and employment. How to effectively solve the problems of employment growth in the process of urbanization is an important factor to achieve sustainable economic and social development.1. The Research ThinkingBy taking the optimal urbanization mechanism for employment growth as the research object, this doctoral dissertation research steps include posing problems, literature review, model analysis, empirical analysis, comparative analysis, case study, questionnaire and interview, policy suggestion, summary and prediction. Firstly, this dissertation empirically analyzes the five main factors affecting employment growth by a modle. Secondly, compare the different impact on sustainable employment growth of five types of urbanization. Lastly, analyze the employment growth of the rural migrant labor and the college graduates. At the same time, give the suggestions from the five aspects:promote economic growth, adjuste the industrial structure, improve the market structure, promote the urbanization, and improvethe quality of labor supply.The first chapter is introduction. This part mainly shows the quesetions of the employment groeth and introduces the research background, pointing out the research object which is the optimal urbanization mechanism for employment growth. Focuses on the research object, this part introduces the research thinking and methods, innovations that may exist, and the definition of the concepts and the source of the data used in the paper.The second chapter is literature review. Analyze the classical theory and research of the foreign and domestic about employment growth, pointing out the shortcomings of the existing research.The third chapter analyzes factors influencing employment growth. By constructing the model of influence factors of employment growth, theoretical analysis and empirical test of the relationship among the five main influencing factors including employment growth and economic growth, industrial structure, market structure,urbanization rate, labor supply, etc..The fourth chapter analyzes the employment growth of five types of urbanization, which include resource-based urbanization, OEM-based urbanization, transportation hub-based urbanization, innovative-based urbanization, and brand-based urbanization. This part compares the different impact on sustainable employment growth of the five types of urbanization. By taking the brand oriented development mode of natural landscape area, analyze the employment growth promoting effect of the brand-based urbanization.The fifth chapter analyzes employment growth of the rural migrant labor, including employment policies, employment characteristics and job growth.The sixth chapter analyzes employment growth of the college graduates. Analyze the main factors affecting the employment of college graduates based on the survey statistics from the 21 cities and towns of 11 provinces.The seventh chapter is the policies suggestion. According to the employment growth model, give the suggestion about promoting economic growth, adjusting the industrial structure, improving the market structure, promoting the urbanization, and improving the quality of labor supply, etc..The eighth chapter is summary and prediction. Conclusions the study of this paper and make prospects for future research directions.2. Research Conclusions(1) This dissertation proposes the factors affecting employment growth model as G=g (G1, G2, G3, G4, G5). G1 is the rate of economic growth; G2 is the industrial structure; G3 is the market strucure; G4 is the rate of urbanization, G5 is the labor supply. Employment demand which affeting by the rate of economic growth, the industrial structure, the market strucure, the rate of urbanization and the labor supply influencing the employment growth. The greater the demand, the faster the emploment growth. The supply of the labor which affeting by the amount of the new workers and worker’s skill also influencing the employment growth.(2) The employment elasticity of China decreased to 0.08 from 1991 to 2012. The rapid decline of the employment elasticity shows that the pulling effect for the employment growth is more and more weak. It also shows the rural migrant labors almost have been transferred completely. Comsumption makes a bigger contribution to growth than investment, which means consumption will be the main driving force. for the economic growth in the future. Consumption driven economic growth will become the main motive force of demand of the job market. The result of empirical analysis indicates that there is a co-integration relation between secondary industry employment and GDP; there is no co-integration relation between primary industry employment and GDP; economic growth on employment elasticity of the secondary industry is 0.212, and the employment from the secondary industry increase as the economy growth; the correlation coefficient between urbanization rate and the proportion of the primary industry employment, the secondary industry, the tertiary industry employment is respectively -0.638,0.402,1.054, which means urbanization decreases the primary industry employment and increase the secondary and tertiary industry employment. This effection on the tertiary industry is more greatly than the second industry.(3) The sustainable employment growth is poor in the resource-based urbanization. It’s especially vulnerable in the OEM-based urbanization. It’s good in the transportation hub-based urbanization and innovative-based urbanization. It’s best in the brand-based urbanization. In the brand oriented development mode, conflict between limited resources and sustainable development could be solved by the reasonable decision of development, brand construction strategy and brand licensing strategy.(4) China’s aging population is growning and demographic dividend gradually disappears, so the number of young migrant workers is less and less. More young people choose different works from their parents. The manufacturing industry by using a low cost labor is not sustainable, so it’s necessary to transform the economic development pattern. At present, there are four reasons for the poor sustainability of the rural migrant labor:firstly, the effetion of the economic growth downward and the upgrading of industrial structure; secondly, the closure of many small and medium enterprises; thirdly, the public service is not perfect in the urbanlization; forthly, the rural migrant labor has poor training and education.(5) Major in the university is the most important factor to affect the college graduates’ job hunting and their occupation development, followed by education level, internships and work experience. The main reasons that cause the difficult employment of college students include:they have too high expection; they are all competitive as the number of college students is too much; college graduates lack of work experience, which don’t conform to the enterprise recruitment conditions; the majors in the university don’t match the requirements of the employer. For the ideal work, many college graduates are not satisfied with their work. For the ideal place of the job, the best place for employment is the capital city and sub-provincial city, followed by the prefecture level city (including the city and the state). This reflects the large and medium-sized cities still are the ideal places for the college graduates, but compared with the super large city, they tend to choose large and medium-sized city. For the cause of choosing the working place, the main reason is the chance of the promotion, followed by wage, quality of life, and distance form their parents’ home. For the ideal city, the top three impotant elements are good public service, beautiful urban enviroment, and smooth traffic, and then the number of large enterprises, low housing prices, and the number of acquaintances. At present, Qingdao has the characteristics of good city public service, beautiful environment, the smooth traffic, and large enterprises. Moreover, Qingdao’s housing price is lower than Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou and Shenzhen, which is the domestic urbanization construction example. When considering a replacement job, the college graduates prefer to change a job. Urbanization has some effect on solving the employment problem of College graduates. Construct the brand for the enterprises and improve the market competitiveness of local enterprises are an important strategies to improve the city’s employment stability.(6) The suggestions in this paper include promoting economic growth, adjusting the industrial structure, improving the market structure, promoting the urbanization, and improving the quality of labor supply, etc. Meanwhile, speed up the process of agricultural modernization, modern service industry and occupation education, improve the entrepreneurship to raise employment; improve the urban public service system;3. Innovative points(1) This paper constructes the model of influence factors of employment growth. Five factors are analysed:the rate of economic growth, the industrial structure, the market strucure, the rate of urbanization, and the labor supply. This is the theoretical innovation for the growth of the employment.(2) This paper puts forward five types of urbanization including resource-based urbanization, OEM-based urbanization, transportation hub-based urbanization, innovative-based urbanization, and brand-based urbanization. Compare the different impact on sustainable employment growth of the five types of urbanization, which shows(3) This paper puts forward the brand-based urbanization which could solve the confilict between the limited resources and sustainable development. Taking the natural landscape area as an example, this paper analyzes how to build the brand-based urbanization to promote the sustainability of employment growth.