| Hi-tech Zones cover coastal and inland provinces, spreading all over big,medium and small cities in China, especially the large cities with the relatively denseintellectual resources. They depend on the cooperation with institutions of higherlearning, scientific research institutes, enterprises’ R&D departments, etc., absorbingthe most advanced technological knowledge as well as the managerial experiencefrom home and abroad quickly within shortest time so as to succeed in transformingthe scientific achievements into practical productivity to the utmost.The state-level Hi-tech Zones have been gradually exploring the way to integratesocial resources via continuous institutional innovation, including improving andreforming the system of financial service, strengthening the function of the incubatorsystem, exploring the accelerated growth of enterprises, optimizing the system ofshifting the scientific achievements, perfecting the development, introduction andutilization of talents and so on. Nevertheless, the automatical aggregation of socialresources in Hi-tech Zones does not mean that the allocation of the resources cansurely be optimized as well as they should. What is more prominent, restricted byhuman factors and system, the resource allocation effect of the market is unable tooptimize the allocation because of the imperfection of the internal system in Hi-techZones, which leads to managerial problems. All sorts of the problems existing in thedevelopment of Science&Technology Industry Zones are rooted in the incompletesystem establishment of the optimum allocation of social resources. Therefore, theeconomical and social phenomenon needs to be researched systematically, in whichsocial resources allocation promotes the aggregation of the industries in Hi-techZones and so some strategies and suggestions will then be put forward.The whole article is divided into five parts: Part one: Introduction. Hi-tech Zones are active areas for technical innovation,as well as an important source for regional economical growth. The study on theaggregation of social resources to Hi-tech Zones is practically significant to pursuethe optimum allocation of resources and promote the economical and social benefitsin Hi-tech Zones. Meanwhile, this article, which aims to learn deeply the relationshipbetween natural and social resources, does a research on the issue of social resourcesallocation that the industries in the development zones have accelerated. Under thecircumstance that natural resources are extremely limited, it is worth pondering overhow to make social resources come into play thoroughly. This article endeavors tosearch a more efficient method of resources allocation, which is significant to enrichthe theory of resource allocation and industry concentration. As a whole, theinnovation of this article’s research lies in two aspects: First, the category and thecharacteristics of social resources can be defined. The theorists have not yet got aunified and perfect demonstration regarding to the connotation of social resources.This dissertation tries to expound it from two aspects-category and characteristics.Social resources refer to the general term of material and spiritual wealth provided byhuman beings in the process of exploiting natural resources by self labor undercertain spatiotemporal conditions, which have broad and narrow senses. The narrowsocial resources only refer to human and capital resources that are substantial andprovided by human labor; while the broad social resources include non-substantialresources such as science and technology, management, information, culture andsystem, etc., apart from substantial resources. Second, the institutional arrangementof social resources allocation can be put forward. Along with the growth of scienceand technology, the role of natural resources playing in the social development isdeclining, while social resources like capital, technology, information, talent,management, etc are playing the increasingly essential role. Hence, it appearsespecially important to improve the efficiency of allocating social resources, which isthen achieved with the whole social economical institutional arrangement. It can alsoattain the goals of improving the environment of industry aggregation in Hi-techZones, optimizing resource allocation and promoting the efficiency of allocation,which are done by reforming and innovating the system arrangement like financial system, talent development scheme, scientific and technical management, ways offinancial support, taxation system, legal system, industrial policy, cultural cultivationmechanism, resources development and management and so on.Part two: The formation and development of industry concentration in Science&Technology Industry Zones. So far, a kind of industrial pattern has been set up inHi-tech Zones, which is supported mainly by new energy, new material, electronicinformation technology, biotechnology and environmental technology, associated byother industries. Economy is growing fast. The basic characteristics of industryconcentration in Hi-tech Zones include the following several sides: First, high andnew technology industry concentration tends to come out in particular geospatial.Second, high and new technology industry concentration forms a networked structure.Third, high and new technology industry aggregation joins up in a firm network oftrust. Meanwhile, there is something peculiar about high and new technology industryconcentration, which lies as the following: First, the backward linkage of high andnew technology industries has a profound impact; Second, the deprive advantage ofenterprises is another feature of industry concentration; Third, labor process plays aspecial role in concentration. On this basis, the author makes a horizontal comparisonamong the industry concentrations in88state-level Hi-tech Zones in China. As itturned out, the areas with relatively high degree of industry concentration are Beijing,Guangdong, Jiangsu, Shandong, Liaoning, Shanxi, Hubei, Shanghai, Tianjin, etc.Next, a analysis is made on the economical effect of industry concentration. As itsuggests, the Hi-tech Zones with relatively high degree of industry concentration,have closer labor productivity and technology innovation activeness,which suggeststhat those areas with relatively higher degree of industry concentration can lead totwo relatively harmonious economical effects: promoting labor productivity andactivating technology innovation. In turn, it cannot effectively form industryconcentration by simply depending on those high-frequency technology innovationactivities of the minority of enterprises with high frequency or the brain-work withhigh added-value of the minority of industrial workers. However, there is no denyingthat high-tech industrial cluster in China is so far at the preliminary stage, whoseindependent R&D. level is relatively low, which is developed mainly by attracting investment, whose features made by the cluster are not obvious, which cannot makeclustering innovation in universities a reality. But there exit the major problems: First,social capital is still in short that is used to promote the development of high and newtechnology industries. Second, the development of industries within clusters isunbalanced and the industry chain is not tight enough. Third, it focuses on processingindustry and innovation is still ongoing. Fourth, regional culture is deficient and theregional brand advantages are not obvious.Part three: The effect of social resources concentration in Hi-tech Zones.Social resources refer to the general term of material and spiritual wealth provided byhuman beings in the process of exploiting natural resources by self labor undercertain spatiotemporal conditions, which have broad and narrow senses. The narrowsocial resources only refer to human and capital resources that are substantial andprovided by human labor; while the broad social resources include non-substantialresources such as science and technology, management, information, culture andsystem, etc. apart from substantial resources. Social resources possess thecharacteristics of the mutability of scale and property, the differentiation of regionaldistribution, the hereditability and expansibility, the positional dominance, etc. Theoptimum allocation of social resources is able to accelerate the formation of industryresource concentration. With the expansion of social resources and scale ofproduction, it can realize economy of scale that utilizes resources so that it can reducethe cost of industry concentration, of which it can increase the benefit, take advantageof the system and promote the transformation to industry cluster. Along with thegrowth of science and technology, the role of natural resources playing in the socialdevelopment is declining, while social resources like capital, technology, information,talent, management, etc are increasingly essential. Over concerning the advantage ofnatural resources, overlooking the cultivation and the development of social resourcesand allocating social resources unreasonably leads to low effect of social resourcesallocation and so on that mainly cause problems of resource bottleneck of economicalgrowth. Thus, it is an academic problem yet to be urgently solved how to measure theefficiency of social resources allocation. The author is regarding Science&Technology Industry Zones as the object of research, treating the three-class classification of social resources as the foothold, through setting up some evaluationindexes, investigating four kinds of changes of social resources, setting up anotherevaluation index that reflects the effect of industry concentration in the meanwhile,with which the author does a research on the relationship between industryconcentration and the efficiency of social resources allocation. As it turns out, themathematical relationship between the efficiency of4kinds of social resourceallocation and the effect of industry concentration is of high credit, and the wholegoodness of fit is up to98.88%, which prove how actually the efficiency of4kinds ofsocial resources allocation tightly affects the effect of industry concentration. On thisbasis, the author is doing an analysis on the typical cases of industry concentrations instate-level Hi-tech Zones like Beijing Science&Technology Zone, Suzhou Hi-techZone, Zhongshan Hi-tech Zone, Changchun Hi-tech Zone, etc.Part four: The measures and enlightenment of industry concentration in somemajor countries and areas. This chapter will first introduce the industry concentrationin Silicon Valley. Its development is attributed to fine natural environment and outeropportunities, the blending of venture investment and startup enterprises, theassociation of research universities and startup enterprises, the support of governmentpolicies, etc. Next, it will introduce industry concentration in Bangalore, India. Itsdevelopment is ascribed to the strong support of the government, the completeeducational and developmental system of information and technology, the peculiarsystem of venture investment, and the favorable legal environment beneficial to thedevelopment of software industries, etc. Then it will introduce industry concentrationin Hsin-chu, Taiwan. The main reasons for its success arm as follows: First, theregional government plays a dominant role; Second, the development of local talentsand the introduction of foreign talents are combined well; Third, the ventureinvestment is supported by the regional government; Fourth, the traditional localculture is integrated with western ideas. Finally, it will introduce the Hi-tech industryconcentration in the Tech City, Tsukuba, Japan. And it selectively analyzes thefailures and reasons of the Tech City, Tsukuba at the early stage of its development,as well as the false investment and management system of the Japanese government.Meanwhile it further analyzes the effect of the relocation and the development of Tech City. On this basis, the author has got the enlightenment of industryconcentration in some major countries and areas: First, the effect of the Hi-techindustry concentration in the foreign Hi-tech Zones is more obvious; Second,technology and knowledge is an important motive for the development of industryconcentration; Third, the entrepreneurial environment full of venture and competitionis incentive for industry concentration; Fourth, the development of industryconcentration needs internationally competitive enterprises; Fifth, the strategies of thedevelopment of industry concentration should match the Science&TechnologyParks.Part Five: The suggestions for the social resources allocation of industryconcentration in Science&Technology Industry Zones. On the conditions of marketeconomy, the invisible hand of the market and the visible hand of the governmentplay important roles in business activities at the same time, which are two systemarrangements of social resources allocation—government allocation and marketallocation, which are complementary. Hi-tech Zones in our country are set up with thedominance of the government. The government should play a dominant role in socialresource allocation of industry concentration in Hi-tech Zones and should allow themarket to play a basic role in social resources allocation rather than intervene directlyin the area of microscopic economical activities. The government should indicate theeconomical development by drawing up some strategies for economical developmentand indicative plans, changing some marketing conditions by proper industrygovernance and corporate behaviors. Overall, the government should play an indirectorganizer and leader in controlling the goal and direction of economical development,which mainly should be mainly reflected in playing a positive role in policy support,park planning, industrial distribution, development indication, guaranteeing for thedevelopment of industry concentration in Hi-tech Zones. In the long term of thedevelopment of industry concentration in Hi-tech Zones, the market should play abasic part in resource allocation in the process of industry cluster in Hi-tech Zones.The basic part of resource allocation of the market goes through the industrializationand the centralization of high and new technology. Besides, optimizing socialresources allocation of industry concentration in Hi-tech Zones needs to be perfected in the following aspects: First, enhancing the system innovation and the policyperfection, including financing system, personnel training system, managementsystem, etc. Second, strengthening regional cultural cultivation, promoting theaccumulation of regional social capital, reducing transaction cost, enhancing theawareness of net worth, stimulating innovative thinking, and declining the uncertaintyin the process of the development. Third, intensifying the exploitation of scientificinnovative talents. Fourth, perfecting financial capital environment, and broadeningthe investment financing mechanisms for diversified high and new technologyindustries. Fifth, improving the environment for investment attraction and carryingout the policy and principle in industry concentration in Hi-tech Zones thatinvestment attraction should be in the first and infrastructure construction should goahead. Sixth, readjusting the industrial structure. The essence of the update andadjustment of industrial structure is resource optimum allocation. Make sure about theparticularity of the adjustment of industrial structure in the economical developmentin Hi-tech Zones, taking a series of effective actions. Seventh, constantly searchingfor and developing new industry concentration, but avoiding industry exceedingconcentration and isomorphism, exploring and developing the formation mechanismof the emerging industry clusters by minimizing the risk of the industry clusters.
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