Study On The Pattern Of Ci Circles And Groups Of Ci-poets In The Interim Of Song And Yuan Dynasty

In the interim of Song and Yuan dynasty(1264-1314), Social upheaval made a significant and intrinsical impact not only on Ci-poets and their creations, but also the development of Ci-poetic style and theories. As the growth and decline of several political entities and regional cultural, a number of relatively independent groups of Ci-poets and their interaction formed a particular pattern of Ci circles. The paper selected a point of view which is combines group research and regional literature. In addition to the significance of the investigation into the literature of dynastic changes and regional culture, the study of the pattern of Ci circles is important in two aspects: the revaluation of its value and the location in the entire history of Ci-poems, and the need of re-examining Ci-poems of Yuan dynasty. At the same time, it is very important to analyze of the relationship between the social changes and the development of Ci-poetic theory. Through comprehensively survey of structures and the evolvement of the pattern of Ci circles and comparatively analysis of the universality and individuality among groups of Ci-poets, the study attempts to draw the outline of the circumstance of Ci circles in this period from a wider perspective in order to make Ci-poets who has been verged in the past could be expounded again, and try to make a more comprehensively display of their communal existence, characteristics and Companionship, for reconstructing analysis model of the literature of dynastic alternation.Before commencing the study on specific groups of Ci-poets, the regional perspective of literature which was mentioned before and the standard of the concept of region which is used in the paper are discoursed. Then we discuss the regional distribution and characteristics of Ci-poets in the interim of Song and Yuan dynasty. On this basis, the paper makes a discussion on the evolution of the pattern of Ci circles which showed the gradual process of development from confrontation between south and north to the integration. The process should be divided into two stages from 1276 as the boundary when Mongol army captured Lin'an. It showed a obvious regional and group characteristics, and on a regional basis, it formed three groups of Ci-poets, namely, Heshuo, two parts of Zhejiang and Jiangxi groups.The activities of Heshuo group took Dadu as the centre, which is divided into two stages from the medium period of Zhiyuan (around 1286) when Shi-zu emperor of Yuan dynasty. The group formation, Companionship and characteristics of Ci-poems are different in two stages. Most Ci-poets in early stage came from Zhending, Dongping and Kublai Khan fan House. The group of Ci-poets was formed revolving around Ci-poets who had served as an official or lived circumfusing Dadu with the process of reunification. According to their different position and effect on the process of the integration of south and north Ci circles, the Ci-poets in Late stage could be divided into two parts:who inherited the traditional style which was called "the north model", represented by Liu Yin, Liu Minzhong and so on, and the others who made significance effects on the exchange with south and north Ci circles, such as Zhang Zhihan, Cheng Wenhai and so on. In fact,it formed the group around the Ci-poets who served in Tai-ge. On the basis of circumstantial analysis of the specific Ci-poets, the thesis also discusses the group mental attitude and characteristics. Statecraft and moral responsibility almost could be regarded as the common choices and value orientations of their scholarism and lives. Besides of showing the complexity of their mind-set, the group has loosely organized and inclusive identities.The group of Ci-poets in Two parts of Zhejiang formed two sub-groups which placed Hangzhou and Shaoxing as the center. They associated with each other around Zhou Mi, Zhang Yan, Qiu Yuan and Tang Jue, Wang Yisun separately, and formed the group network. The intragroup activities were developed around the West Lake poetic association. There were three periods which were precedent, intermediate and later stages, and has their own key figures, organizers and subjects in activities. Zhangzhou and Shaoxing sub-groups contacted frequently. For example, Zhou Mi, Zhang Yan and Wang Yisun were intimate. Group external activities which associated with Jiangxi group was much more than another. The individual activities, such as Wang Yuanliang and Zhang Yan's had influenced on their communications. In this process, they formed the characteristics of their group:convergence and complexity of the state of existence, locating on Jin-Song style and versatile refined scholar quality. Relatively speaking, to show their creative features and unique position in the history of the development of Ci-poem, their Ci-poems have two types:First, unique intoned narration Ci-poem. This kind of creation is represented by "Yue Fu Bu Ti", especially those Ci-poems which were written after the ruin of Song dynasty. In addition to work elaborately at selecting objects, they often have profound and obscure gists. These creations deepen the literary tradition to express Ci-poets' hidden will by objects and become the assistant of the development of Ci-poems in Qing dynasty. Second, Ci-poems about the season, which like the singing of the cicada in late autumn, emerge intense characteristic if the time in thought of the time in the late spring and autumn day. The Ci-poet express grieved and fearful emotion vaguely that can't bear department from the old dynasty by contrasting the present with the past, and their mentality of the cognition of their surviving adherents'status obviously.Jiangxi group has always been researched more fully. The thesis concentrates on the group constitution and the relationship of Ci-poets, and try to analyze the characteristics of Group constitute, by means of the comparison with Heshou and Two parts of Zhejiang group. In the interim of Song and Yuan dynasty, Jiangxi group that Luling centered formed the group networks around Liu Chenweng and Wen Tianxiang. In the process of group formation and development, the common choice of fight and seclusion under the concept of integrity, and complex mind-set of Ci-poets who teached in colleges made a significance impact. The position of Jiangxi group is special among the three groups, on their Ci-poems for perspective; there are acceptance to Jiaxuan style cross-referenced with Heshuo region and ZhouJiang style cross-referenced with Two parts of Zhejiang. Their Ci-poems often composed by means of mutual exchanges with a sense of similar style. The content of Ci-pomes is most of the history and experience of social changes, and the intensity of emotional expression is different from other groups. The style of the Ci-poem is graceful and restrained, elegant and oblique, but less overwrought carvings of the language. In the process of integration of north and south, it has played a subtle role.Based on detailed analysis of the three groups, re-examine the pattern of Ci circles in the interim of Song and Yuan dynasty, the study get the conclusions as follows:First, the pattern between the open and closed embodies the distinctive characters. The regional-based and relatively independent groups are synchronic and isogenous, which are not only important to constituens of the pattern but also the subjects of literary creation. As the visible manifestation of the formation and evolution of the pattern, the groups were developed through interaction with the focus falling on the south. The tendency of creation is that the style of Ci-poems developed from no fusion to gradually moving to fusion, with the process from confrontation to the integration of northern and southern Ci circles. Second, from the perspective of elegance and vulgarism, whether make a diachronic investigation from an internal development of Ci-poems, or a synchronic survey of different literary styles, we could find that the Ci circles in interim of Song and Yuan dynasty both in a special position, and show a trend towards enhanced elegance. Third, from the perspective of social changes or orthodox school and variation of the style of Ci-poems, the Ci-poets deepen the aesthetic qualities of Ci-poems in the interim of Song and Yuan dynasty by creative practice to the Ci-poetic theory, as the forerunner of the notion of recording the history in Ci-poems. The Ci-poets advocated preserving history in Ci-poems, paid attention to the development of the Ci-poem, especially the ideas of their own. It became the graceful ending of the Ci-poems in Song and Jin dynasty, and turned on the road of Yuan. Particularly, it had a significant impact on the construction of Ci-poems in Qing dynasty.