Study On The Words Of Dharmaraksa's Translation Of Buddhist Scriptures

Dharmaraksa(竺法護,Zhu Fahu) is the most outstanding translator in Jin(晋)dynasty, whose translation of Buddhist scriptures are more quantity and higher quality. According to the document, the quantity of Dharmaraksa takes up more half of all the translation of Buddhist during Xi-jin(西晋)dynasty, and this is the treasure of the history of cultural and language. Firstly, with Zhengfahua Jing, Sheng Jing, Puyao Jing, etc, translated by Dharmaraksa, as the main materials, and also with other Buddhist scriptures, Buddhist scriptures directories (经錄), biographies of monks (僧传), etc. this paper discusses the phenomenon and the theoretical problems of the vocabulary of the translations of Dharmaraksa's Buddhist scriptures. Secondly, with the study and on the basis of surveying the vocabulary of Zhengfahua Jing, we explain about 300 difficult words of Dharmaraksa's scriptures.This paper includes two parts:the first part, by philology and linguistics, discusses language theoretical problems of the study of the translations of scriptures of Dharmaraksa and it contains several chapters as following:Chapter 1:Introduction.The main content of this chapter included the following:Reasons for choosing this topic, the general situstion of translation of Buddhist scriptures in Xi-Jin(西晋)dynasty, Zhu-fahu's translation of Buddhist scriptures, The main content of this paper and general structure,the servy on the language research of Zhu-Fahu translation of Buddhist scriptures, the languege materials,the theory and matheds I am going to use and so on.Chapter 2:The original record of translations of Dharmaraksa is whether Sanskrit or not, and the comparison with the original record of Zhengfahua Jing. In the first section of this chapter, according to the directories of Buddhist scriptures, biographies of monks(僧傳),the preface of Buddhist scriptures, the postscript and the related biographies of translators, discusses the version and language of the original record of eight Dharmaraksa's scriptures, and illustrates the original record some of the translations of Dharmaraksa is Sanskrit. Secondly, in the seccond section, based on background of the international discusses of early original record of Chinese Buddhist, criticizes the American scholar, Daniel Boucher, who proposed that,'the primitive versions of most of early Chinese Buddhist scriptures are written by Gandhara',which is raised on the study of the comparison and collation of the Sino-Foreign veisions of Zhengfahua Jing; and analyzes Daniel's arguments one by one from the angle of lexicology, exegetics, translatology, philology and history culture. And then points out the problems needed to be paid attention to for the comparison and collation of Chinese and overseas versions.Chapter 3:To see the difficulty and significance of Buddhist philosophy terms from Words of Dharmaraksa's scriptures. Section 1, to explore two groups of different meaning in terms of Buddhism in Dharmaraksa's scriptures, which is different from the paraphrase in Duhuang Bianwen Ziyi Tongshi,written by Jiang Li-hong, and Chinese Dictionary, and indicate the important significance of Buddhist philosophy terms for Dictionary Compilation and the study of words. Section 2, to see the connection between'Perfusion meaning'and lexicology and exegetics, from Words of Dharmaraksa's scriptures. By analyzing the primitive meaning of the original word and the translation relating to the'Perfusion meaning'in Dharmaraksa's scriptures, this chapter demonstrates the double theoretical evidences of the phenomenon of 'perfusion meaning'and explains its significance on the study of lexicology and exegetics. Section 3, according to the feature that free translation take up most of the loanwords of Dharmaraksa's, and discussing the attribute of translation Words which conveys foreign concept and, by way of example and comparative analysis and on the theory of'frame and viewing arrangement','Figure and ground segregation', etc. of Cognitive Semantics, we disscuss the inequality of the qualification of the loanwords, and explain the practical and theoretical basis why the free translation Words of Chinese Buddhist scriptures are Classified as loanwords.Chapter 4:The study on the synonyms of Dharmaraksa's scriptures. This chapter includes two sections. Section 1, to analyze the criterions to define the synonyms of Zhengfahua Jing; Section 2, to point out the development law of these synonyms. Chapter 5:The words'value of Dharmaraksa's tanslation of Buddihist scriptures and his splendid position in the history of translation.This chapter includes two sections. Section 1 focuses on the value of study of Dharmaraksa's tanslation of Buddihist scriptures in the Chinese vocabulary history. Section 2, by comparing the version of Dharmaraksa with the distinguish features of the other translators, expounds the distinguishing features of his linguistics translation, and on this base, illustrates his splendid position in the history of translation.The second half of the thesis makes philological studies of words in Dharmaraksa's translated scriptures. Thesis focus on 200 profound words, which consist of Chinese local words and foreign words. Most of those words have not been included in dictionaries, and others are mistakenly or incompletely explained. The author takes a contrary opinion to some experts'on some words'explanation, and provides appropriate theoretical and factual evidences in order to support large-scale lexicographical work, historical studies of Chinese vocabulary and other relevant theoretical studies.