A Comparative Study Of Japanese And Korean Compound Verb

With the development of the time, new things are emerging one after another. Every time a new thing is emerged, human coin a new word, by using their limited phonics, to describe the new thing. However, the emerging of many new words lay burden on human memory. This discords with the principles of Linguistic Economics. Thus, the most effective way of increasing words is to create a new compound word based on existing words. Compound words not only help us to fill a vacancy of words, but also help us to make the language more concise and more explicit. This dissertation researches on compound verbs of Japanese and Korean by collecting examples from Japanese-Korean dictionary and Korean-Japanese dictionary.Japanese and Korean have a lot of similarities such as phonics, words and grammar. These similarities make Korean-speaking Japanese learners understand compound verb of Japanese by way of analogy, which often leads to misuse of compound verbs. For example, the word order of a Japanese compound verb "(?)" is "rise + up", but the corresponding Korean compound verb is "(?)" of which word order is "up + rise" From this example, we can find that the word order of Japanese is different from that of Korean for describing the same action. As an anther example, in Japanese, "(?) " and "(?)" can be compounded to form a compound verb, but "(?)" and "(?)" cannot be compounded. Up to now, there are no reasonable explanations for these linguistic phenomena in the research field of compound verb form and compound verb meaning. Thus, this dissertation focuses on the compounding relationship between the first term and the second verb, and makes effort for solving the abovementioned linguistic phenomena by comparing word form and word meaning between Japanese and Korean.First, according to intransitive and transitive property of first term and second verb of compound verbs, the compounding relationship in Japanese and Korean are analyzed. Through analysis, it is found that compound verbs can be formed by using nouns, verbs, prefixes, adverbs, adjectives and irregular roots in both Japanese and Korean, while compound verbs can be formed by using interjections additionally in Korean. In the viewpoint of compounding capability of second verb, verbs and adverbs can be easily compounded with second verbs to form compound verbs in Japanese, while nouns, prefixes and Irregular roots can be easily compounded with second verbs to form compound verbs in Korean. In the viewpoint of compounding form, the number of compound verbs in Japanese is more than that of Korean if the first terms are verbs, while the number of compound verbs in Korean is more than that of Japanese if the first terms are nouns, prefixes, adverbs, adjectives and irregular roots.In the case of analyzing compound verb form through analyzing its first term, the form "noun + verb" is the most complex. This kind of form can be divided into three small forms that are the form that matches grammatical structure, the form that mismatches grammatical structure and the form of pattern usage. Among these three small forms, the form that matches grammatical structure is the most common form in Japanese and Korean. In Japanese, when nouns are compounded with second verbs to form compound words, the phonetic change of nouns belongs to the form that mismatches grammatical structure. In the form of pattern usage, the omission of particles in compound words is common in both Japanese and Korean. In addition, some nouns can be compounded with specified verbs to form compound verbs in Korean.According to intransitive and transitive property of second verbs, if the second verbs are intransitive verbs and transitive verbs, nouns, verbs, prefixes, adverbs, adjectives and irregular roots can be compounded with the second verbs. If the second verb is an intransitive-transitive verb, there is no example that the first term of compound verb is an irregular root in Japanese. If the second verb is an intransitive/transitive verb, there is no example that the first term of compound verb is a noun, an adverb, an adjective and an irregular roots in Japanese, while there is no example that the first term of compound verb is an adverb and an adjective in Korean.Most of compound verbs that have the form "noun + intransitive verb" are intransitive verbs in both Japanese and Korean. Most of compound verbs that have the form "noun + transitive verb" are transitive verbs in Japanese, while they are intransitive verbs in Korean. Most of compound verbs that have the form "noun + intransitive-transitive verb" are intransitive verbs in Korean, while there is no example of compound verbs that have this form in Japanese. In compound verbs that have form "noun + intransitive/transitive verb", the compound verbs are intransitive verbs if the second verbs have meaning of intransitive verb. In this form, however, compound verbs can be intransitive verbs or transitive verbs if the second verbs have meaning of transitive verb, and the proportion of being intransitive verb and the proportion of being transitive verb are almost same. If the first terms are nouns, the intransitive and transitive property of most compound verbs depend on the second verbs in Japanese, while most of compound verbs are intransitive verbs in Korean. If compound verbs have the form "verb+ intransitive verb", they are intransitive verbs in most cases. If compound verbs have the form "verb+ transitive verb", they are transitive verbs if the first terms are transitive verbs in both Japanese and Korean. In this form, however, if the first terms are intransitive verbs, compound verbs are intransitive verbs in most cases in Japanese, while they are transitive verbs in most cases in Korean. In compound verbs of which second verbs are intransitive-transitive verbs, if the first terms are intransitive verbs, they are intransitive verbs in most cases in both Japanese and Korean. In this form, if the first terms are transitive verbs, the proportion of being intransitive verb and the proportion of being transitive verb are almost same in Japanese, while compound verbs are intransitive verbs in most cases in Korean. In the cases where the first terms are prefixes, adverbs, adjectives and irregular roots, the intransitive and transitive property of most compound verbs depend on the that of second verbs in both Japanese and Korean. If compound verbs that have the form "prefix + intransitive-transitive verb", they are intransitive verbs in most cases in both Japanese and Korean. If compound verbs that have the form "irregular root + intransitive-transitive verb" they are transitive verbs in most cases in Korean. If compound verbs have the form "adjective + intransitive/transitive verb",. they are intransitive verbs in most cases in both Japanese and Korean. Second, according to meaning of words, nouns can be divided into concrete nouns and abstract nouns, verbs can be divided into desorption verbs, state verbs, action verbs, spirit verbs, society verbs, connection verbs and phenomenon verbs. If the first terms are nouns and the second verbs are desorption verbs, the first terms are abstract nouns in most cases in Japanese, while the first terms are concrete noun in most cases in Korean. If the second verbs are state verbs, nouns are difficult to be compounded with verbs in both Japanese and Korean. If the second verbs are spirit (psychology) verbs, the first terms are concrete nouns in most cases in Japanese. If the second verbs are spirit (sense) verbs, the first terms are abstract nouns in most cases in Korean. If the second verbs are action(displacement)/(direction movement) verbs, the first terms are abstract nouns in most cases in both Japanese and Korean. If the second verbs are action (contact) verbs, the first terms are concrete nouns in most cases in Japanese. If the second verbs are connection verbs, the first terms are abstract nouns in most cases in both Japanese and Korean. If the second verb are phenomenon(nature) verbs, the first terms are concrete noun in both Japanese and Korean. If the first terms are verbs, action verbs and society verbs have strong compounding capability, and the first terms hardly exert constraint on the second verbs. In compound verbs that have the form "noun + verb" and the form "verb + verb", the key is that the first terms and the second verbs share multiple semantic determinants. Moreover, in these cases, the relationship degree between "action forcevariation" of "+sentient being" and first terms is also important. In the case of "verb + verb", directionality is also important. For example, the directions of adhesion verbs and release verbs are opposite, and thus they cannot be compounded with each other. As to the meaning of compound verbs, compounded verbs often have different meaning with the first terms and the second verbs. The relationship between the form/function of the first terms and the meaning of the second verbs, and the relationship between meaning of verbs and verbs play an important part on the meaning of compound verbs.This dissertation analyzed the second verbs in details, and it investigated the compounding relation between the second verbs that have meaning of up-direction/down-direction and the first terms. In Japanese, the second verb "-上がる" means direction, degree, completion and respect, "-上げる" means direction, completion, degree, generation and respect, "-下がる" means direction, degree and disappearance, while "-下げる" means direction, disappearance and contempt. In Korean, the second verb "(?)" means direction, degree, generation and starting, "(?)" means direction, generation and respect, while "-(?) [intransitive] [transitive]" means direction, degree and disappearance. This shows that these eight directional second verbs have meaning of direction. Most of second verbs that have meaning of up-direction are corresponding to each other in Japanese and Korean. However, when "-上げる" "(?)" mean direction of social relation, these two verbs are not corresponding to each other in Japanese and Korean. Most of second verbs that have meaning ofdown-direction are not corresponding to each other in Japanese and Korean. However, when the first term is "-下がる" and it does not mean absolute direction, the "-下がる" in Japanese corresponds to "-(?)[intransitive]" in Korean. In addition, if the second verbs have meaning of direction, the first terms more or less have meaning of horizontal/vertical. In the viewpoint of cognitive linguistics, most of the first terms that have meaning of respect, completion, high, much and "direction toward me" compounds with the second verbs that have meaning of up-direction, while most of the first terms that have meaning of contempt, low and bad compounds with the second verbs that have meaning of down-directionThe research results of dissertation has theoretical value and application value for giving contributions to teaching method of compound verb of Japanese and Korean.