The Economic And Social Development And Change Of TingzhouIn Song And Yuan Dynasties

Studies of Hakka mainly focused on the definition of Hakka, the origin of Hakka, Hakka spirit and Hakka culture, but less mentioned the economic development of Hakka. Especially few scholars are concerned about the relationship between the origin of Hakka and the economic development in Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi in Song and Yuan Dynasty. This paper studies on" the Economic and social development and change of Tingzhou in Song and Yuan Dynasties". The author read a lot of historical documents, chronicles and folk literature, and did a lot of field works to write it. The main contents of the paper are Tingzhou's traffic, economic and social changes.The route from Fujian to Central China directly impacted on the basic direction and trend of northern migration to Fujian since Qin and Han Dynasties. West Fujian has been marginalized in the national power. Until Tang and Song dynasties, its society and traffic were gradually developed. The waterway of Jiulong River had been opened in Tang Dynasty. It was more important than Ting river then. The waterway of Ting river did not open before Shaoding of Southern Song Dynasty. It was developed in the late of Southern Song Dynasty and laid the foundation for the opening of Chaozhou post road to Longxing in Yuan Dynasty. This post road made Tingzhou as a traffic center in Jiangxi and Fujian border.The development of transportation promoted the economic development in Tingzhou in Song Dynasty. Mining industry was a pillar industry of Tingzhou in Song Dynasty. In Southern Song Dynasty it was in the decline stage. In Yuan Dynasty, It almost stopped.Most people made a living with smuggling salt in Tingzhou in Southern Song Dynasty.As a result, the trade between money and grain developed and the social conflicts because of smuggling salt never stopped until Yuan Dynasty. During this period, various ethnic groups who lived here gradually formed a new group.Tingzhou was not a peace place in history. There were too many social conflicts.These social conflicts caused minor damages in Northern Song Dynasty. But in Southern Song Dynasty they were not just economic conflicts between government and people. They became a threat to local governments. To Yuan Dynasty, the unrest of Tingzhou has turned into a strong sense of national resistance struggle.The education had made great progress in Tingzhou in Song and Yuan Dynasties. It had a good education system. Neo Confucianism had made significant progress too. And it formed a culture circle of the Faith in Dipamkara. Educational development changed the social customs. It formed Unique and outstanding of the Hakka people.Hakka people has become the world's most widely distributed, the most far-reaching impact of one of the people. In today's world development wave of Hakka people still charisma, renowned for their contribution, performed commendable.