The Multi-dimensional Study Of The Demonstrative Pronouns "Zhe/na" Pattern In Modern Chinese

This thesis mainly focuses on the usage of the demonstrative pronouns in modern Chinese. We discuss it mainly from the angles of "forms - meanings - pragmatics" and "putonghua - ancient/modern Chinese - dialect" . The cognitive linguistics be used in the thesis. It includes ten chapters.Chapter one: It states the present study of the Chinese demonstrative pronouns and the reasons why we choose this topic. The demonstrative pronouns itself are complicated and the studies of them are not enough, so a more study of them is necessary.Chapter two: It probes the factors relates to the intrinsic nature of the demonstrative pronouns. The definitions of the demonstrative pronouns are not perfect and should be defined more scientifically. We argue that the demonstrative pronouns have some relations with the location, faces and the manners of the speaker. The factors relating to the demonstrative pronouns in different languages or dialects are not the same.Chapter three: It discusses the classifications of thedemonstrative pronouns in functions. The Chinese demonstrative zhe/na can be divided as address pronouns and indexical pronouns. Na can be functioned as connective pronoun also.Chapter four: It studies the relationships between the demonstrative pronouns and the words relates to the time. From the view of diachronic linguistics, the combination of the time is unbalance. From the view of synchronic linguistics, it functions as adverbial mainly, because they are not only background sentence but also the given information. Decided by the people' s cognition, it is seldom used in the future tense.Chapter five: It analyses the relationships between the demonstrative pronouns and the expression of the location. This part studies the relationships between all kinds of locations and references. At last, the interactions between the demonstrative pronouns and the other part of this sentence are studied.Chapter six: It discusses the relationships between the demonstrative pronouns and the words of person. It can be divided into three periods. From the point of the synchronic language, we study the meanings and the frequencies between the demonstrative pronouns and the words of person. We find out that na is more frequent than zhe in these sentences which have thewords relates to the people that is corresponded to the cognition of the people. At last, the thesis studies the combinations of the demonstrative pronouns and the proper noun relates to the people. It can be grouped as distinguishing function, introductory function and emotional function, the overlapping function is discussed in the thesis.Chapter seven: It studies the relationships between the oc-occurrence and sub-occurrence of the demonstrative pronouns. To distinguish these two different linguistic facts is essential. We discuss them from the syntactical and the semantic angles.Chapter eight: The asymmetry and the reason of asymmetry of the demonstrative pronouns is discussed. We argue that the asymmetry of the demonstrative pronouns relates to the ambiguity of the distance, the unbalance of the emerging time and the originality of the language.Chapter nine: The pragmatic value of the demonstrative pronouns is discussed. The Pattern(ninzhege+NP) carries not only unfavorable comments but also carefulness or blame. We can distinguish the feelings from the relations of the speaker and the addresser, the lengths of the voice and the body language of the speaker.Chapter ten: The unsuitable usages of the demonstrative pronouns (zhe/na) is studied. The unsuitable usages of (zhe/na) are the followings: demonstrating vaguely, misusing zhe/na, lack of zhe/na, the surplus of zhe/na.