Sartre's Ontology Of Thought

Based on the major philosophical works by Sartre, referring to the accomplishment domestic and international research, this paper stresses on the constructive content and the positive meaning of Sartre's ontology.In "Introduction", in terms of Sartre's own exposition, I will try to determine the method, starting point and goal of Sartre's ontology, as well as to limit the scope and the basic feature of Sartre's ontology. On the ground of the internal negative relation of beings, Sartre's ontology has realized radical understanding of existence, especially of human being. Thus Sartre's ontology has broken away from the fence of traditional metaphysics and the doctrine of substance. The task of "Chapter 1" is to explain the " existence " and " being " in Sartre's ontology. In Sartre's ontology, " existence "as a totality is first human being, and it is beyond the scope of reflective knowledge. The uniqueness of human being must be the internal negative relation of beings. Sartre's ontology illustrates 3 fields of being: being-in-itself, being-for itself and the being of value or ideal being. Being-for itself is "the being of consciousness" or "the internal negative relation of beings." That relation is "nothingness" which has complete transparency; it has proved the fact of being-in-itself. Against solipsism, Sartre's ontology has also proved that "the multiplicity of being for-itself" or "the existence of others" is a fundamental fact. Sartre emphasizes that being-in-itself and the being of value can have trueness and meaning only in the internal negative relation of being-for-itself. Since being-for-itself is assumption of facts, it is responsible for the facts. All these have gotten more specific explanation in Sartre's ontology concerning " free action" of for-itself.In" Chapter 2", I will explain that, direct internal relation between 3 fields of ontological being and " ontological free action of being-for–itself "as the modification of being-in-itself, must be comprehended only on the basis of the direct structure of being-for–itself, since human being as a totality has the structure of the internal negative relation of beings and is responsible for this relation. The direct structure of being-for–itself is a tripartite presence: the presence of for-itself to being-in-itself, the presence of for-itself to itself, the presence of for-itself to the being of others. Sartre disagrees on that the substantive being is the supreme value of human being, also opposes that the action of human being is simple motion. Sartre argues that the action of human being must be understood from the being of consciousness. In the view of Sartre, freedom-action can get complete understanding only through the ontological structure of being-for-itself, i.e. the nihilation of consciousness which surpasses itself toward being. From the standpoint of being-for-itself, Being and Nothingness emphasizes on intentionality, the ontological freedom of action, and points out that situation is an internal negative totality whose center is the freedom-action. Additionally the fact of "multiplicity" which belongs to being-for-itself, is the intrinsic restriction that can be met by freedom. Sartre refers to that, only my freedom can restrict my freedom on the level of being-for-itself and only the freedom of others' existence is the restriction of my freedom on the level of the existence of others. In the ontology of free action, Sartre stresses specially the original relation of being-for-itself to being-in-itself and to ideal being, and insists that being-in-itself has no meaning, since it is pure fullness. Being-in-itself cannot escape itself or produces any relation. Here Sartre do not explain further the relation of being-in-itself which "have absorbed consciousness " to being-for itself. According to being-for-itself in Sartre's ontology, the prime condition of alienation is "multiplicity" of for-itself. We cannot discover the historical reason of alienation. This is basic defect of Sartre's ontology on...