Bo-Xue-Hong-Ru And The Learning Transition In Early Qing Dynasty

The subject of Bo- Xue- Hong- Ru , which is also called the examinations in the year of Ji Wei Ci , is special in the Chinese civil examinations institutionalized by the Qing government in the 18th year of the Kang Xi period , whose purposes are to win the hermits and scholars' support and eliminate the antagonistic conditions between the intellectuals and the government so as to stabilize the rule . In fact, the emperor KangXi did that in order to recruit notable intellectuals in the name of advocating knowledge and selecting the learned people .The examinations in the year of Ji Wei helps the Qing government achieve the goal, and at the same time gathers a large number of talents who are proficient in Li Xue and economics , They gathered in the capital city , edited and revised The History of the Ming Dynasty , gave knowledge to the emperor and exchanged and discussed the learning problems with others . It was really a grand academic meeting which effectively promoted the development of learning.As the beginning of the Qing Dynasty was a changeable situation , all kinds of ideological trends kept springing up such as heterodox ideas , Shi Xue Movement, the style of Fu Gu the text criticize , the spirit of Jing Shi Zhi Rong, nationalism and the revision of Wang Xue , and so on .The thoughts and learning came into a period of change from Li Xue to Jing Shi Kao Ju Xue . With the end of the Ming Dynasty and the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, some Ming scholars like Gu Yanwu and Huang Zong Xi who advocated a simple and unadorned style of learning which was very popular in the academic field during the Qian -Jia period . Initiated Jing Shi Xue of the Qing Dynasty . So how did learning change and develop during the years between the beginning of the Qing Dynasty and the Qian Jia period who carried on the detailed work? The dissertation holds that It is the representatives of Bo-Xue- Hong-Ru scholars who did the work who complied with the ideological trends of the times and accomplished the change from Li Xue to The Analects and Tong Jing Zhi Zhi Yong Xue to Jing Shi Kao Ju Xue. Under their advocation and efforts , it is clear about how learning developed , and Jing-Shi Kao Ju Xue became a main trend in the academic field .The dissertation will discuss about Bo-xue Hong-Ru of the Kang Xi period and the academic change at the beginning of the Qing Dynasty from the following three aspects .In the first chaper, the author will probe into the external causes of the academic change in order to look into the relationships between the intellectuals and the government through the subject of Bo-Xue- Hong-Ru .At that time , some indignant intellectuals cultivated a style of study which followed the traditional morals and opposed the royal government and common customs , and alsopaid much attention to reading and learning . Therefore , in order to dispel the antagonistic state of the intellectuals against the government and stabilize his own rule , Kang Xi adjusted the cultural policy and enrolled learned people to the court whom he tried to please and treat well so that he could control them easily and achieved his goal. On one hand, Kang Xi used the policy of favors and suppression; on the other hand , in the cultural policy , he accepted the culture of the Han nationality and respected intellectuals and knowledge while at the same time he got rid of the rights of the intellectuals' free talk. In the way , he made the intellectuals' under his power . Moreover , he amended and used Li Xue of the Song and Ming Dynasties to suppress the intellectuals and got them in a speechless state . so the talented Hong-Ru group came into a silent state . Only those who were proficient in Jing Shi fact at ease and exerted their abilities . This shows that the government plays a leading role in learning . Under the arrangement of the government , Hong-Ru scholars amended The History of the Ming Dynasty and taught the emperors and the royal relatives knowledge . They made a great contribution to the learning and an important impact on the cultural p...