Research On Practice Learning Style In The Early Qing Dynasty Under The Vision Of The Study Of Confucian Classics And History

In this dissertation, the group of "Bo-Xue-Hong-Ru" scholars of Jiangsu and Zhejiang membership in Kangxi Dynasty is focused and researched to reveal the development process that two kinds of practice learning style between intellectuals and government-led in the early Qing Dynasty become intersection, collision, fusion and shape. Through the analysis on classical scholars'thought characteristics and learning methods, the intrinsic about "transition" of the learning style in the early Qing Dynasty will be explored. As the focus of scholars and intellectuals in this period, the research on "the study of Confucian classics" and "history" can be used to inspect the academic thought of the group of "Hong-Bo" scholars and summarize the general features of "real worship" of theirs in academic research.This dissertation tries to avoid too much into cocoon of the "practice learning school" concept, and attempt to shift attention to the process of the development and evolution of "practice learning style" in the early Qing Dynasty and its underlying causes. The meaning of "practice learning school" referred in this paper is generalized from the path and characteristics of the general scholarship in the intelligentsia (including the academic mainstream advocated by the official) in the early Qing Dynasty. Therefore, the concept in this paper is different from the universal one with applicability used by domestic academic. It is the only definition to the learning style in the early Qing Dynasty (This paper refers specifically to Shunzhi and Kangxi Dynasty). And this concept is also based on the thought and practice of "elimination of the virtual and respect of the real worship" followed by the social at that time.This subject chooses "the learning style" rather than "thought" or "ideological trend" to generalize the category of "practice learning school" because the research on "the learning style" can reflect its tolerance and flexibility when dealing with the thought and study methods of different academic scholarly. As one side of the history of academic thought, the research on "the learning style" has three characteristics:Firstly, it pays more attention to the historical evolution of the overall academic paradigm rather than a single individual's academic performance. Secondly, it can be studied on both sides of the researched object's academic ideas and learning methods in the course of the study. And it can summarize the general academic characteristics rather than be distracted attention from much different academic distraction easily. Thirdly, it is one perspective that stresses the research on dynamic process. So it's different from the analysis on static thought and methodology, and has more emphasis on the development process of "time culture" research. As the research on "the learning style" can take into account the ideas, methods and academic paradigm of transformation, this dissertation hopes to not only refer to some insights about "practice learning school" of the past academic but also get rid of the existing theoretical framework about it.The cultural policies in the early Qing Dynasty are the result as the influence among the various "forces" in the cultural ruling class. Only the despotic emperor does not decide them. In other words, the cultural bureaucracy in the ruling class can associate with nation and social. This causes the cultural policies decided by the official in the early Qing Dynasty can also be cater to the mainstream of intellectual learning style. Therefore, this dissertation selects the academic group of "Bo-Xue-Hong-Ru" scholars in Kangxi Dynasty as the object of the research on interaction between social and official. And through the study on their academic thought, the process of intellectuals' spontaneous thought transformation and its reason under the cultural policies at that time could be discussed. It is also the innovation of this subject in the study perspective. The study object prefers quality to quantity. Because of the large number of the "Bo-Xue-Hong-Ru" scholars and the complexity of their thought, this dissertation will continue to narrow the discussion objects to the "Hong-Bo" scholars of Jiangsu and Zhejiang membership.This dissertation is composed of introduction, conclusion and the body of four chapters. The part of introduction reviews the past research about two core concepts referred in subject—"practice learning style" and "Hong-Bo" scholars of Jiangsu and Zhejiang membership. On this basis, here also explains the purposes, methods and features of this paper.Chapter One mainly discusses the relationship among the "Hong-Bo" scholars of Jiangsu and Zhejiang membership, the official academic advocacy and the practice learning style in the early Qing Dynasty. Through the "key words" study on the official documents of Shunzhi and Kangxi Dynasty, here points out that the practice learning school of the official advocacy has the academic characteristics between "Ti" and "Yong". This coincides with the mainstream intellectual trend existed in the academic at that time on the whole. In the past, some people think that large numbers of intellectuals led by "Bo-Xue-Hong-Ru" scholars lacks or chooses to ignore the "Statecraft" content because of the harsh cultural policy in the early Qing Dynasty in the course of practicing the practice learning style. Such viewpoints are not accurate. The thought of "Statecraft" in practice learning style does not dispel while its connotation changes. Here thinks that as the academic middle force to promote social and official "practice learning style" combined together, the Jiangsu and Zhejiang's "Hong-Bo" scholars' academic status and influence at that time deserves attention.Chapter Two takes Zhu Yizun as a case study and discusses the academic characteristics between the Text and Value of the practice learning school. Through the analysis on his family, literature, "Books" study, "Changes" study and "Three Rites" study, it can be known that his persistence on Text and construction of Value actually represents the intellectuals' general choice in the early Qing Dynasty.Chapter Three takes Wu Renchen as a case study. After studying his life and writings, here points out that his early two works include the academic path "from Text to history and the study of Confucian classics" and this study method exists the inevitable logic of academic development. Wu Renchen is the representative as the group of "Statecraft by history" in the early Qing Dynasty. Through the research on History of Ten Kingdoms, here proves that the Qing government's activity of opening the Historica of Ming Shi and inviting "Bo-Xue-Hong-Ru" scholars is due to meet the culture of Text and real worship in academic.Chapter Four takes Pan Lei, the second generation's successor of Gu Yanwu's study, as a case study. Through the research on his historic origin, here thinks that the academic reason that Gu Yanwu's study changes in the second generation is due to the change of Pan Lei's "Statecraft" content in his thought. That means the thought of "Serving for Academic" which contains the academic freedom spirit changes to the one of "Serving for Politics". This ideological change also exists in other "Bo-Xue-Hong-Ru" scholars'mind. Here still discusses Pan Lei's Buddhist study and "Changes" study focused in his old age and find out some ideological parts in keeping with his idea about "Serving for Politics" from that two studies.The part of conclusion summarizes "Hong-Bo" scholars' academic features that are different from the famous scholars such as Gu yanwu. Here points out that "Bo-Xue-Hong-Ru" scholars' influence in academic in the early Qing Dynasty isn't inferior to their seniors'. Therefore, these scholars' ideological characteristics still deserve attention when the problems about the deepening and transformation of the practice learning style are discussed.