Research On Modernization In HuNan Province In Early 20～(th) Century (1900-1937)

This research will explore Chinese modernization during early years after establishment of Republic of China through understanding the trend in HuNan Province. Modernization appearance, meaning, and progress; difficulty, barrier, and limit on promotion; and comparison with other provinces, achievement, and influence are focuses in the research about HuNan, as the base to recover diversities derived from it and as the showcase of Chinese renovation.The research based on development of modernization in HuNan in early 20^th century, applies objective criticisms and includes 8 chapters.The first chapter reveals research motivation, goals, methodology, common index of modernization, and founding of 'HuNan Spirit'. Writing methods and information resources are concretely abstracted in expectation of including efforts of pioneers and innovations and observations of followers, and outlining the condition in HuNan in early 1900. Then, theory about modernization in the world and how it forms, as well as stimulation of modernization movement in China, are intensely explored through investigation of life activities of life activities in HuNan. In the typical modernization, HuNan Spirit, New HuNan Character, and the society of militarism are the primary concerns, especially founding the education system to cultivate talents and the major factors of 'HuNan Spirit' developed from innovative ideas and missions and mental ideologies of heroism.The second section discusses the relationship between progress of modernization and geographic environments in HuNan, and accordingly explains its background and etiology, and how it initiates great achievements and contributions of those past wise ones and martyrs when changing with times. The coordination between historical backgrounds of moral essence and natural environments can reiterate the egotistical statement of Scholar Pan, ZuYin in late Ching Dynasty, that HuNan is definitely dispensable to the country. HuNan Province of commanding status in terms of geography, but not affluent in public finance, appeared the leader in reform tendency in China indeed, and inspired advancements in other provinces, just as 'HuNan, the one revives China' said, Mr. Tang, CaiChang, the founder of Autonomy Military Group.The third part of the research discloses political modernization in HuNan in early years after ROC founded, and analyzes its political contents on inner administration, military, local self-governance, and provincial constitution by referring to academic and specialist's illustrations, documentations, chronologies, materials in newspapers and periodicals, and English and Japanese documents, to get the picture about development on political side and to unveil causes to its difficulties and restrictions.The fourth chapter demonstrates new concepts of overall industrialization and financing and banking development in economic modernization, and explores initiations on finance, transportation, agricultural and commercial development, and mining industrial, especially industrialization through analyzing documentations, new reports, governmental statistic data, and Japanese and English references, to better understand economic progress and to illustrate development barriers and limits.The fifth section of the research includes further descriptions about social modernization indicators in HuNan, which examines the factors constitute modernization, such as HuNan people's characters, social and life customs, and urban growth by checking academic and specialist's illustrations, documentations, materials in newspapers and periodicals, and English and Japanese references, to be aware of development on social sides.The sixth chapter covers deeper exploration on important indicators and difficulties to cultural modernization, and respectively illustrates education, ethos, art and culture, communication and publication, and technology aspects in cultural issue through analyses of documentations, governmental archives, periodical reports, scholars dissertations, and Japanese and English references, to know more about cultural progress, and development obstacles and constraints.The seventh part of the research points up influences of modernization in HuNan and compares HuNan with other provinces, based on which new opportunities and unique apical dominance of HuNan were oriented, and Chinese modernization policy was continuously promoted. As a pity, the tendency was deferred for ethsurvival in national cooperative fight against Japan, and so was that of HuNan. The steps of HuNan were terminated due to the War, however, the foundation set in early periods of republic state establishment may help HuNan perform leading in Chinese modernization. The concepts of 'tough start' and 'thankful for sources when drinking' strengthen my searching for meanings of HuNan's modernization. The key points in the chapter are how post-modernization ideas and movements initiated in HuNan...