The Study Of The Spread And Acceptance Of Liu Zongyuan And Liu Yuxi's Poetry Before Ming Dynasty

The spread and acceptance of Liu Zongyuan and Liu Yuxi's poetry in later generation experienced a gradually historical development process.The middle and late Tang down to the Five Dynasties time, the Liu Zongyuan and Liu Yuxi's political activity and literature achievement were all influential. The political behavior that they participated the "Yong Zhen" innovation received criticism from the literary area leader Han Yu, and the official history book "Jiu Tang Shu". In the same time, their literature ability and achievement received high praising from the corresponding people, even if Han Yu and "Jiu Tang Shu" also gave the affirmation to their literature talent. But the spread and acceptance of their respective poetry was different: in the present age, because of the creation motive, the survival condition , the thought of establishing a reputation and so on reason, Liu Zongyuan's high fame mainly was his article name, his poetry had not obtained the prompt and effective spread, therefore ,under the great reputation his poem name was lonely; But owing to singing by the folk, writing in the intercourse, editing the anthology ,selecting by some people, and so on the spread forms, the poem name of Liu Yuxi spread far and wide, and his poem influenced the poetry creation of Du Mu, Li Shangyin, Wen Tingyun and even the entire late Tang. The different spread and acceptance powerfully proved a concrete reality in literature history: the spreading process (including such factors as idea, goal, way, vector and so on) and the propagation effect of classic poetry affect the creation tendency, the artistic character and style of poetry in the certain degree, restrict the content, breadth and depth of the acceptance of the reader, so that have a vital role in the entire poetry history development. Particularly, before Song Dynasty when the printing technique had not obtained rapid development, the literature spread lack the advanced engineering factor and the stable consistent circulation channel, in the quantity, quality and speed the propagation was limited greatly, if such constitution factor as the disseminator, dissemination way and dissemination environment and so on are different, the corresponding result of poetry spreading and social feedback are different, which affected the reputation and influence of the poet in the poetic world directly. To carries on combs and analysis in the dissemination factors and the social, cultural context behind this factors which lead to different influence, not only could deepen the unique spreading mechanism and rule of classic poetry, but also will be advantageous to know the historical appearance of the poetry development really.During the North Song Dynasty, the spread and acceptance of Liu Zongyuan and Liu Yuxi's poetry entered a new stage. Not only Liu Zongyuan and Liu Yuxi's collectedworks were reorganized, printed and distributed, but also the manner that the people appraised Liu Zongyuan and Liu Yuxi's political activity had a new transformation. They not only highly praised their political talent and actual accomplishments, also defended the political behavior that they participated "Yong Zhen" innovation. Even the people that criticized Liu Zongyuan and Liu Yuxi affirmed their politics ability or thought secretly. OuMei's attention to mountains and rivers poetry of Liu Zongyuan, and Wang Anshi's absorption from Liu Zongyuan and Liu Yuxi in creating poetry, opened the beginning of the corresponding people accepting the poetry of Liu Zongyuan and Liu Yuxi afterwards, later, the new literary arena leader Su Shi drew lessons from Liu Zongyuan and Liu Yuxi on language, meaning and potential in creation, moreover he invented Liu Zongyuan's artistic style and status by his certainly outstanding judgment, affected the direction of later acceptance, and became the "first reader" in the acceptance history of Liu Zongyuan. Regarding Liu Yuxi, Su Shi developed his poetry theory of "empty-calm" and "content-outside", moreover, because they are similar in political destiny and individual disposition, he also absorbed the satire art of Liu Yuxi consciously or not on own initiative, so we can say that, Su Shi had completely opened the new situation of the acceptance of Liu Zongyuan and Liu Yuxi poetry. Under his influence, later period appeared the phenomenon that Jiang Xi poet groups accepted Liu Zongyuan and Liu Yuxi poetry. Taking Huang Tingjian as representative, besides the Jiang Xi poet groups drew lessons from Liu Zongyuan and Liu Yuxi poetry by the way of changing magically profits in creation, but also they universally affected and highly praised Liu Yuxi's poem art, and developed his theory of using words and literary quotation from their own literature judgment. But about the art criticism to liu Zongyuan's poem, then still stepped afterward the opinion of Su Shi, put his poem in the influence of Tao Yuanming poetry and give appreciation.The South Song Dynasty down to Jin and Yuan period, the research results of North Song were inherited and further developed in the spread of Liu Zongyuan and Liu Yuxi collected works and acceptance attitude to Liu Zongyuan and Liu Yuxi politics achievement, at the same time they accepted Liu Zongyuan and Liu Yuxi by the critic notes and the selected poem works. Yan Yu pointed out the similar and the relation between Liu Zongyuan and Qu Yuan in his "Cang Lang Shi Hua", and separately carried on the summary to his personal and school poem style from poem forms. Liu Kezhuang firstly gave a illustration to "Shi Hao" of Liu Yuxi from the two aspects of style and moral behavior, and he had the new discovery to the Liu Yuxi's poem style. Under the background that anthology was extremely prosperous, in this time there was many kinds of selected poems including the poem of Liu Zongyuan and Liu Yuxi. "Tang Shi Gu Chui" regarded the poem of Liu Zongyuan and Liu Yuxi as extremely important, not only chosethem singly from the six big poets of Middle Tang, and put their poetry in the first volume. While selecting the poem of Liu Zongyuan and Liu Yuxi, "Ying Kui Lv Sui" also high praised them from the rules of poetry as well as the language, meaning and so on the concrete stratification. Moreover, the two famous poets, Yuan Haowen and Yang Weizhen also prompted the acceptance of Liu Zongyuan and Liu Yuxi poetry forward greatly. With the literature historian's judgment, Yuan Haowen connected Liu Zongyuan with "Xie Lingyun of Song", and carried on the poem significance and life significance criticism in the two aspects of " the beauty from art skill" and "the lonely heart", so he hold a important position in the acceptance history of Liu Zongyuan's poetry. Yang Weizhen hardly learned from "Zhu Zhi Ci" of Liu Yuxi, not only by initiating, creating and spreading with all his strength, he pushed the creation of "Zhu Zhi Ci" to the first peak after Liu Yuxi, moreover, he had carried on the best continuation and development to Liu Yuxi in the artistic skill and style.Seeing from the spreading and acceptance of Liu Zongyuan and Liu Yuxi's poetry from the middle Tang down to Jin and Yuan period, we can say that, the entire Song Dynasty is the high tide time in the spread and acceptance history. As far as Liu Zongyuan, the middle late Tang and Five Dynasties are the low tide time in its poem acceptance history. There are two reasons: Firstly, when the existing literature material in this time recorded and commented its biography conduct and literature achievement, few raised its poetry explicitly, only Si Kongtu in late Tang showed his appreciation. Secondly, looking from the poem creation and artistic style in this time, Liu Zongyuan's poetry style was unique, few author accepted his influence, followed and imitated him. But the people in Song Dynasty accepted the poem of Liu Zongyuan extremely actively. Firstly, it displayed in the dissemination aspect. The spreading is the premise to acceptance; moreover, spreading is one kind of acceptance in some significance. The poem of Liu Zongyuan had not obtained prompt and effective spread before Song Dynasty, but the reorganization, printing and distributing of Liu Zongyuan's works, and the including of Liu Zongyuan's poem in the poetry selected works caused great changes in the dissemination of Liu Zongyuan's poem in Song Dynasty. Secondly, in the high tide of acceptance the most prominent performance was Su Shi's invention in the style and status of Liu Zongyuan's poem. In his eyes, Tao Yuanming's poetry nearly reached the highest level in artistic creation, he proposed the poem of Liu Zongyuan and Tao Yuanming in the same time, gave high appraisal to Liu Zongyuan's poem, and influenced the acceptance of later generation. Tao Yuanming was one of the writers which Jiang Xi poet groups praised highly, and gradually became to the unattainable artistic model and personality model with Du Fu together which they imitated. Under the influence of Su Shi, Jiang Xi writers placed the poem of Liu Zongyuan in the glory of Tao Yuanming, accepted and gave theappreciation to the poem which are simple and insipid. Huang Tingjian took Liu Zongyuan as the only man who peep the mysterious of Tao Yuanming's poem. Furthermore, this high tide of acceptance also displayed in Yan Yu's acceptance to Liu Zongyuan's poem prominently, he said: "in Tang Dynasty,only Liu Zihou got the spirit of Sao." This sentence pointed out that Liu Zongyuan prose had similar emotion base and characteristic with Qu Yuan, but also he used the word "only" and "deep" to show the close and profound relation between the two people, so he broke through the main tendency that people accepted the simple and insipid poem of Liu Zongyuan, realized the fragrant plaintive emotion characteristic and the sad graceful literature style of Liu Zongyuan's poem, made the new contribution in the acceptance history of Liu Zongyuan's poem.Although the spread and acceptance of Liu Yuxi's poem had not prominent fluctuation and change after the middle Tang and appeared quite steadily, but we still can say that, Song Dynasty also was the high tide time in his acceptance history. Firstly, it displayed in that Huang Tingjian was the first and real friend to "musical and short peom" and "Zhu Zhi Ci" of Liu Yuxi in later generation. Since Liu Yuxi's folk song style and musical poem were created, they spread broadly in folk, however, they entered the attention vision of poet, were commented in system and gave the value explanation, which begins with Huang Tingjian in North Song Dynasty. He was the first poet who praise "Zhu Zhi Ci" highly, not only pointed out the subtle artistic boundary and the "unique" historical position in Yuan He, but also pointed out the content characteristic and artistic contribution of "Zhu Zhi Ci", pointed out the origin relations between "Zhu Zhi Ci" and "Kui zhou Song" of Du Fu , and the equal artistic value from different methods. Secondly, in the absorption to the creation art and skill of Liu Yuxi's poem, comparing with the study of three famous poet and entire creation in late Tang, in Song Dynasty ,the taking of the famous poet Wang Anshi, Su Shi, Huang Tingjian and so on were more universal, thorough, and the technique they use were more rich. Moreover, Liu Yuxi's poem obtained a more effective dissemination through the collected and selected works in this time, Liu Yuxi's theory on poetry had also obtained further continuation and development in this time, all explained that in Song Dynasty the acceptance of Liu Yuxi's poem had made an entire aspect progress.