Three Sub-the Manchu Consonants

The Manchu language is one of the important national languages in the Northeast of China. Although it is not extensive or profound, it can express complicated meanings in simple words, and it bears the weight of the deep cultural accumulation of thousands of years in this area. Especially its oral language, which is diffusing thick local flavor of black soil. It's like a piece of forest, where there hides the infinite conundrums which are waiting for us to discover.This piece of article is finished after 5 years' hard work by the author who has done a lot of on-the-spot work of investigation and research on the Manchu oral language of the Sanjiazi Village and has read and arranged the works of the predecessors in this field. The questions discussed in this piece are all that should be resolved before we try to study other themes in the Manchu-Tonggus Language Group. May this article be a guide to those who would like to investigate and research the Manchu oral language of the Sanjiazi Village and other languages in this language family.In this article, we gathered and arranged almost all the linguistic and historic materials in China which can be found by us, ancient and modern, In methods of on-the-spot investigation, historical comparison,constructional analysis, linguistic geography, statistics and induction, beginning with the Manchurian oral language of the Sanjiazi Village, studying its pronunciation, picking up the essential principles in these languages, we concluded that the northern Manchu language is a link by which several sorts of national languages in the Northeast of China contact with each other, and the main phonemes in its phonetic system formed not for under the influence of the Chinese language during the later Qing Dynasty, and there are similarities in many ways between the Manchurian oral language here and many kinds of Altaic languages in this wide area.The article includes 11 chapters:Chapter One, preface, introducing the general situation and development of the studies in the Manchurian oral language's pronunciation, the researching objects, methods of this article, and the sources of linguistic materials.Chapter Two, the developing process of the Manchus and their languages, characters, and the general situations of the history and culture in the Manchurian oral language's distribution.Chapter Three, Sanjiazi Manchu language's phonetic system; Chapter Four, the correspondence between the Sanjiazi Manchu language and the Manchurian written language. This two chapters are the base of the whole article.Chapter Five, the consonants' phonetic changes. This part is the soul of the whole article, including the most important principle described by the author. These principles are similar in the whole Manchu language branch, and they even extend to a wide area extending to the south and west of the Northeast of China, while there aren't typical such principles in the Mongolian Language Group and the Tonggus Language Branch.Chapter Six, the 3 sorts of ending letters in the syllables of the Manchurian written language; Chapter Seven, the grave phoneme endings in the Manchu-Tonggus languages. This part discusses the phonetic changes at the junctions of Manchu-Tonggus syllables, and it is the extension from Chapter Five.Chapter Eight, similarities and deference between the consonants of the Sibe language and the Sanjiazi Manchu language, trying to provide some proves to the discussion on the relationships between the two kinds of languages.Chapter Nine, an initial exploration in the consonants' changes of the Manchu Language Branch. Most consonants' changing principles by comparing the central vocabularies.Chapter Ten, the setting-ups of the Manchu Language Branch syllables' ending consonants. This chapter's views come from the picked up materials in Chapter Nine, summarizing the principles of Chapter Five, Six and Seven. Being a little similar to the Japanese language, theending consonants in the Manchu Language Branch's syllables are not fixed, but are pronounced differently under different situations.Chapter Eleven, conclusion: the main phonemes in the Manchurian phonetic system formed not for its having been under the influence of the Chinese language during the later Qing Dynasty, and there are similarities in many ways between the Manchurian oral language in Sanjiazi Village and many kinds of Altaic languages in this wide area.At the same time, we put two pieces of appendix at the end of this article in order to show the readers the whole appearance of the Sanjiazi Manchu language and the Sibe language and let them look for some principles by themselves.