| "X-er"(X-å„¿) is used here refering to a formation in which "-er"(å„¿) is added to a syllable. "-er"(å„¿) only includes affix but not word. In the Hebei dialect " X- er" is very complex from the point of view of pronounciation, meaning and grammar. Together with the special geography position of the Hebei dialect, the study of" X- er". On the one hand, can provide important language meterial for the further research of the dialect and commomn language. On the other hand, we make some deeper theretic study on the basis of detailed depiction, such as on character, cause and positon of "er-hua"(儿化), then put forward our viewpoint. Consequently these study can verify some theory.The language meterials used in the thesis mainly come from investigation. We went to the countryside and investigated 156 counties' dialects. The observation and the depiction of the materials are the foundations of our study. First, we depict the meterial according to the type of pronunciation and choose some representative dialects in Hebei province to depict. Secondly, we adopt some new theory to analyse the meterials and then study on character and the laws of "X-er" (X-å„¿). The new theory includes word-spread theory, nonlinear phonological theory and grammaticalzatic theory and so on.The thesis is divided into seven chapters, in which 15 dialect maps are contained.Chapter 1 is the introuduction, which first briefly introuduces Hebei and Hebei dialect, and then presents the significance of the study, the source of the materials and the method and theory adopted to analyse it. In addition, it sums up the related studies in this scopes. Finally, it accounts for some of the concepts used in the thesis.Chapter 2 is about prounaciation of "er(å„¿) and "X-er"(X-å„¿) in Hebei dialect. Seven maps are attached to it. Through analysing the material, we can know that "er "has ten kinds of prounuciation, namely[(?)][(?)][(?)[ar] [(?)] [(?)][(?)][(?)] [(?)] [(?)]. We know that "X-er"(X-å„¿)can be divided into three types: independent suffix-er, half-independent suffix-er and dependent suffix-er. Every types has its subordinate types, namely (1) "(?)" acts as independent suffix, such as Qian'an dialect and Qianxi dialect. (2) "er" acts as independent suffix, such as in Dingzhou dialect and Baoding dialect. (3) "(?)' acts as independent suffix. For example Jingxing dialect. (4) "(?)" acts as half-independent suffix, such as in Qian'an dialect. (5) "er" acts as half-independent suffix, such as in Dingxing dialect. (6) "(?)" acts as half-independent suffix, such as in Baixiang dialect. (7) "(?)" acts as the last sound of X syllable. For example Yuxian dialect. (8)"(?)" acts as the last sound of X syllable, such as in Baixiang dialect.(9) simplex vowel change, such as in Shijiazhuang dialect. (10) multi-changes, such as in Zanhuang dialcet and Quzhou dialect. Types of (3), (6), (7), (8), (10) are some new types which cannot be seen from previous research. In addition, we chose some representative dialects to give a particular description, such as Xinle dialect, Dingzhou dialect, Yuxian dialect, Baixiang dialect and so on.Chapter 3 sums up the characteristics of prounaciation of"X-er" (X-å„¿) in Hebei dialect, basing on previou chapter. And then explains why "X-er" (X-å„¿) is so complex as well. Finally give a deeper Geometry of phonology explanation for the prounaciation of "X-er"(X-å„¿) in Hebei dialect. It is a law that in Hebei dialect the prounaciation of "X-er"(X-å„¿) is well- corresponding to the basic rhyme of phonology, if rhyme is divided into five types according to coda of rhyme. Furthermore, it differs from mandarin Chinese in prounaciation and merger. From the point of view of Comparison, the distinct difference between prounaciation of "X-er" (X-å„¿) in Hebei dialect and mandarin Chinese's is nasal rhyme's "X-er" (X-å„¿) which has no nasal character. The complexity of prounaciation of "X-er"(X-å„¿) in Hebei dialect results from evolvement and contact with other language.Chapter 4 turns to some relatively detailed meterial of dialect to illustrate gradual changes of "X-er"(X-å„¿) in Hebei dialect from the historical perspective. First, We discuss some related question to the evolvement of prounaciation of "X-er"(X-å„¿). Second, we investigate the sources of prounaciational forms and the typical steps of change they undergo. From the historical perspective, the forming of "X-er"(X-å„¿) is a gradual change process, whereby independent suffix-er turns into a coda of rhyme. Something like the following changes can therefore be established: independent suffix>half-independent suffix>coda of rhyme. In Hebei dialect, "X-er"(X-å„¿) has three parallel liguistic system, namely (?)-system, (?)-system and (?)-system, which is derived from different "er" (å„¿) adding to syllable-X. The changes is contrained by a law that is coexist prounaciate theory. It is characteristic of phonological er that restricts the order and speed of change. It changes quicker that conflict of characteristics between "er" and rhyme of X is smaller. In addition, we dicuss some related questions, which is about evolvement of prounuciation of er. We draw a conclusion as following: (1) The outline of er's change is established: Sui-Tang dynasty Song dynasty Jin-Yuan dynasty Ming-Qingdynasty(2) Time of independent suffix-er is ealier that of coda-er of rhyme. (3) The phonologic change in Hebei dialect provides benefical evidence for research which do with time of evolvement of prounuciation of er. (4) Suffix-er without tone occurs before Ming dynasty. (5) Amalgamated forms of "X-er" (X-å„¿) emerges between Jin-Yuan dynasty and Ming dynasty.Chapter 5 turns to detailed examples of semantic element of "X-ei" to illustrate several of its characteristics, and some of the problems of its cognitive basis. In this chapter, on the one hand, we take a detailed depiction of extension of "X-" and semantic characteristics of "X-er" (X-å„¿). We find "X-"in Hebei dialect covers noun, verbs, adjective, adverb, quantifier, numeral, pronoun, onomatopoeic and their analogue. Semantic comparability is a significant peculiarity of "X-er", which appears in two aspects:(1) It is a expression of meaning of small or little. (2) It can express some feelings or emotions. In fact, "X-er" (X-å„¿) is a semantic aggregate, in which "er" (å„¿) acts as marker. On the other hand, we put forward a hypothesis that the family of "X-er" came into being is on condition that human cognize the world from the point of view of cognition of themselves to illustrate the cause of semantic characteristics of "X-er" (X-å„¿) from the cognitive perspective. In other word, cognitive basic conditions the gradual incremental process of "X-er" (X-å„¿). Furthermore, we search literature to prove our hypothesis and hunt for clue to process in which content-er becomes a suffix-er. In fact, the auxiliaries "er" in "dog-er", "cow-er", "peach-er", "apricot-er", "knife-er", "flurry-er", "village-er", "fa ssa-er", etc. comes of the meaning of "son". Because one's male child named son, beastie in animal and the little one in plant or something is named son as well, therefore, the family of "X-er" in which "er" has similar meaning that can express meaning of little or small or some feelings( especially favorable) comes into being.The fuction of express similar meaning of "X-er" (X-å„¿) also roots in the meaning of son and its adjunctive favorble meaning. Searching the literatures, the process in which the family of "X-er" come into being can be established: independent content word-er→"er" was added to noun that denotes name or work→"er" was added to noun that denotes animal→"er" was added to noun that denotes thing or body or clothes or appellative or building or orientation or time→"er" was added to numeral→"er" was added to quantifier or verb or adjective→"er" was added to adverb→"er" was added to form "de"→"er" was added to onomatopoeic or concretionary forms or reduplicative nouns.As indicated in this process, the approach we have taken to literature proved our hypothesis. In addition, it is also a gradual semantic changes process in which the meaning of content "er" (å„¿) is bleaching and then becomes a clitic with the development of the family of "X-er" (X-å„¿).Though "er" (å„¿) has became a empty clitic, its meaning used as a content word still exist in some words so that the content word-er and empty clitic-er coexists in up-to-date Hebei dialect.Chapter 6 is about especial grammatical functions of "X-er" (X-å„¿) in Hebei dialect. In this chapter, we make a detailed depiction of the grammatical function of "X-er"(X-å„¿) in Hebei dialect and appearring zone of this function. In Hebei dialect, "X-er"(X-å„¿) has some especial grammatical functions that equal to aspect components or preposition, ect. along with its word-building function. The especial funtion briefly is:(1) "er" (å„¿) is used in "A-er qu lie" forms, in which "er" is a clitic suffix-er and serves function of "le1"(了1) in mandarin Chinese. (2) "er" is used in "nouns+er" forms, in which "er" acts as "li"(里). (3) "V-er" equals to "V-de(çš„)" forms. (4) "er" is used in "V-er" forms, which serves the functoin of tenses and aspects components or preposition. "Er" whose function is so covers Tangshan, Fengrun, Fengnan, Zunhua, Yutian, Luanxian, Luannan, Laoting, Changli, Qinhuangdao, Qinglong, ect. The regional characteristics indicate that suffix-er is in competition with suffix-Zi in different dialect. At the end, the competition leads to different results. And then, we discuss some related problems (i.e, regional appearance, geminate forms, ect.) and especially the source of the especial grammatical functions of "X-er" (X-å„¿). In Hebei dialect, the various grammatical function of "X-er"(X-å„¿) forms that is not its function's embranchment indicates that "X-er"(X-å„¿) is a forms coming from different origins. In Hebei dialect, "X-er" not only comes from phonetic diversion of "ri"(æ—¥), "li" (里), but also comes from other linguistics elements [a] whose function is similar to "le" (了), "de"(å¾—), "zhe"(ç€), "dao"(到) , "zai"(在). Finally we study on the evolutive model of "X-er" (X-å„¿). The phonologic forms of'X-er(å„¿)" is offspring origined in different time, thus it has different pronuciation in different dialect. Its pronuciation change process is not a single phonologic change process which is a representative evolutive model of derivative phonology (e.g. Z-yinbian, D-yinbian, Er-yinbian, ect.) in connection with semantic and grammatic, in which the bleaching of the meaning of content word and the vanishing of tone is pivotal. The vanishing of tone of "er"(å„¿) which results from the bleaching of meaning of "er" leads to a change that independent suffix-er becomes a clitic phonetic suffix-er and the change of "X-ei" (X- å„¿) simultaneously is restricted by phonology so that phonology and semantic interacts. In other word, the process of change connects with phonology and semantic layer. While the change after "er" becomes a clitic suffix is a single phonolgic change.The whole process as we have presented it includes two stages with different character. At last, we raise a query about the point that "er-hua"(儿化) is a outcomes of Altai's influence which bases on "er" isn't a nominal suffix. We think that "er" to act as nominal suffix isn't inherent and "X-er" comes into being on condition that "er" express the meaning of little or small and the interact between phonetic element and semantic element. Furthemore, we think Altai's influence is only a exterior element which is not key.
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