Risk Concept And Philosophical Reflection On Outlook On Development In A Modernity Vision

Applying risk concept to unfold the philosophical reflection on outlook on development in a modernity vision is the theme of this paper. This paper tries to answer a extremely important problem ignored by modern man for a long time, that is why never-ending changes and improvements of the science and technology, ceaseless increase of the wealth and getting more meticulous of the administration and law, make us realize the existence of risk more intensely on the contrary? This paper adopts the research technique which unifies the theory analysis and the reality concern, by comparing the history, the text explanation as well as aware dialog, ascertains the risk concept is theoretical representation of survival state of the modern man and the key concept to self-understanding of modernity, and uses the risk concept to have carried out an introspection on Enlightenment modernity and traditional outlook on development, explored the developmental philosophy significance of risk concept, discussed the re-building train of outlook on development in the reflexive modernity vision, analyzed the risk consciousness in Marx's critique to modernity, and set forth the contemporary value and space of growing up of Marx's outlook on development in the context of risk society at the same time. This paper includes preface, four chapters of main body and concluding remarks.The main viewpoints of chapter one are:"Risk"is a modern vocabulary. It didn't enter the vision of modernity argumentation at first. What made people forget the risk concept was the social and cultural atmosphere of Enlightenment. Enlightenment modernity has governed the prime direction of modern society's growing up. The industrial society is its real edition. The industrial society's the pattern of controlling risk is originated from Enlightenment modernity's controlling thought. The risk concept is covered by a series of powerful concept belonging to Enlightening modernity and industrial society: reason, progress, control, calculation, order and etc. Enlighten modernity project has produced late-model risk: manufactured risk. This kind of risk presents new character which made it avoid the monitoring system: incalculability, universality, and commixture. Risk's growing up has ultimately isolated from the system. Being out of control of risk originated from the control self is the deep paradox what Enlightenment modernity implicates. There is a relation of consulting each other between the risk scene of modernity and the consciousness of modernity problem. As the life-style of modern man, risk is the human's aware consciousness and precaution behavior to the uncertainty of encountering a disaster in the existence activity. Risk cannot be understood as an entity, but be understood as a practice. In the self-understanding of the modernity, risk concept which show human's survival significance should not be absent."Risk"enters the center of the modernity words, which indicates the end of modernity and the germination of reflexive modernity. The reflexive Enlightenment modernity is an understanding pattern of the modernity which reflects the risk existing possibly in the modern society and attempts to improve it.The main viewpoints of chapter two are: The creation of the development concept originates from the establishing of the modern society life-style and the changing of the people's society idea. Only in the context of the modernity is the development concept understood, and reflection on the modernity also demands reflection on development. Both the development concept and the risk concept are modernity concepts and there is an interdependent dialectical relation between the both. The development words of Enlightenment modernity has lost the reflexive dimension of the risk and become a monodrama of"development"supported by progress idea. The putting forward of the problem about outlook on development implies the crisis of traditional outlook on development established in the Age of Enlightenment. Traditional outlook on development's explanation frame includes: 1. Taking reason as paroxysm according: the rationalism outlook on development; 2. Taking the determinism and the progress idea as an explanation principle: the linearity outlook on development; 3. The value orientation of seeing things but not human being: the materialization outlook on development. The rationalism and subjectivism that established by Enlightenment philosophy have supported up the traditional outlook on development together. Enlightenment modernity and traditional outlook on development's repulsion for risk concept has profound traditional metaphysics foundation. The thinking mode of the traditional metaphysics shows a belief of necessity to play down the contingency and attempts to obtain the certainty to freak out the risk by the theoretical thinking. The mission of queering the thinking mode of the traditional metaphysics has been accomplished completely by modern philosophy. The post-metaphysics thought is sign subject of the modern philosophy. The critique to tradition metaphysics must point to Enlightenment modernity and traditional outlook on development according to it. The post-metaphysics thought has created condition for the return of risk concept, which means the return of uncertainty and human being."Risk"deconstructs the myth of rationalism, science, determinism, progress and wealth manufactured by traditional outlook on development.The main viewpoints of chapter three are: The philosophy character that the risk concept intrinsically contains will change the understanding dimensions of development: 1. Admitting the uncertainty of risk concept implies an acceptation to the contingency existing in social development, and such can provide possibility space of human's development. 2. Admitting the humanity of risk concept implies an acceptation to the selectivity of social development, and such human can really become the subject of development. 3. Admitting the difference of risk concept implies an acceptation to the diversity of social development, and such human can gain harmonious development. The trains of thinking of outlook on development in the reflexive modernity vision are: 1. Subvert the categorical framework of the classical sociology theory. Globalization vision, new-form individualization as well as risk concept will become the theoretical ground zero of the changing of outlook on development. 2. Avoid the channels of modernism and post-modernism. This paper inclines to choose reflection and re-building of modernity.3.Exceed the radical ideological criticizing route. The risk reflection emphasized the correlation between the crisis and the self-understanding of modernity, which stresses the theory's responsibility burden to social development. Multidimensional thinking on re-building of outlook on development includes: 1. Re-orientating of reason. (1) Finiteness. The reason has a limit in providing certainty. We should applying reason with humble attitude. (2) Criticizing. Admitting the criticizing nature of reason indicates a constructive attitude of trying mistakes unceasingly in practice and further developing in studying. (3) Inclusion. Inclusion reason can be understood for the return of social reason and public reason. 2. Re-molding of ethics. (1) Responsibility. The responsibility ethics is able to expand chances of developing, urges us keeping calm cognition to risk environment of modern society at the same time. (2) Trust. Modern social development needs to face a crisis of confidence and reconstruct trust ethics. (3) Solidarity. Without the human being consciousness based on human being's existence, consciousness of including other and solidarity, it will be difficult for modern society to move a single step. 3. Re-constructing of democracy. (1) Pluralistic democracy. Pluralistic democracy is that all stakeholders participate in public affairs commonly. (2) Dialogic democracy. Dialogic democracy is that the legitimacy of policy comes from the sustained dialog and deliberation. (3) Global democracy. Global democracy is the stretch of Pluralistic democracy and Dialogic democracy in the global grade.The main viewpoints of chapter four are: Marx's analyses on modernity have already described the risk character and risk scene of modern society. The movement of capital has made human being gain independence in a certain extent. This created condition for the birth of risk concept. However, in the capital logic, risk has become a figure in capital formula. Capital logic and risk concept have completely different nature, so a fierce antagonism must be happened between them. Marx has revealed out the capital's limit, and shown extremely strong risk consciousness. This risk consciousness is not the sarcasm and mockery to crisis, but appealing to the realistic social movement and pointing out direction of development. Marx has founded existentialism basis for philosophy, ascertained practice activity logic as starting point and ended traditional metaphysics completely, thereby, reflection and transformation on social development concept become a possibility. Marx's understanding on"development"can be summarized three aspects: 1."Development"is development of "human being". 2."Development"is human being's self-creation and self-growing. 3."Development"is that human being's freely choosing and self-commitment. There is an agreement between Marx's reformation of outlook on development and risk reflection of modernity, and Marx's paradigm reformation accommodate risk concept still lies in having avoided modernity criticizing and reconstruction of outlook on development going from an extreme to another extreme. The coming of risk society does not declare Marx bowing out, adversely, Marx's outlook on development hasn't been exceeded in many aspects. Certainly, unfolding its contemporariness needs to absorb the time factor. We can make it have more elasticity and more close to changing time by applying the risk concept. The introduction of risk concept can make us show solicitude especially for the complexity and contingency of social development; estimate the role of productivity in social development more entirely, and enrich the make of practice concept; show more solicitude to risk relation in social development.