From Speculative Dialectics To Practice Dialectics

The Hegelian dialectics, Marxian dialectics and their mutual relationship must be studied to study the dialectics. Engels and Lenin had done a lot of work in the relationship of Hegelian dialectics and Marxian dialectics and gotten the important guidable conclusion. After them, including Western Marxism philosophers, many modernistic Western philosophers had been engaged in the more in-depth studies. However, because of the differences of the researcher's standpoints, viewpoints and methods, the conclusions they got were bias or wrong theories. To this issue, the traditional domestic view was that the Marx subverted the Hegelian idealism dialectics by materialism dialectics. In recent years, another view was that Marx subverted Hegelian idealism dialectics by Human dialectics. The opinion of this thesis is that the both views are wrong even though they have some reasonable factors. The demerit of the first view is its simplicity. It lacks the reorganizations of the nature and meaning of the Marx's philosophy transform which fails to distinguish the differences of the old idealism and the new practice materialism to some extent. So it fails to recognize that materialism dialectics can not reverse the Hegelian idealism dialectics, nor it investigates the reversing process deeply, it just concludes simply. The demerit of the second view is to explain the Marx's literature by first impression; it can not get the Marxian philosophy's standpoints, viewpoints and methods. It can't get the historical conditions and real reversing motivation of Marx's reversed Hegelian dialectics. So its conclusion is bias.In this thesis'opinions, it is not the materialism dialectics or Human dialectics reverses the Hegelian idealism dialectics, but the practice dialectics that reverses the Hegelian dialectics what is decided by the characteristic of the Marx dialectics and Hegelian dialectics. Hegelian dialectics is neither the description of alternation processes of the person's emotional changes nor the direct description of the dialectics development processes of the nature or society. He mainly described the easy-to hard abstract thought of people, and the process of the abstract-to-specific, for it gets rid of the material of any thoughts, so it describes the pure thinking processes only by most abstract and most universal concepts'deduction. Hegel falls into rational illusion when gets the universality of this pure thinking process and improve the human's abstract thinking to absolute spirit which beyond any individual's thinking. Thus, the Hegelian dialectics is the dialectics which is described by the absolute spirit of the concepts'self-deduction. It has no real meaning because its natural dialectics and historical dialectics are the use and represent of concept dialectics. Therefore the reversion of this dialectics can not be completed by of the simple understanding natural materialism dialectics. Only upgrading the materialism dialectics to the degree of practice materialism, describing thoroughly the Hegelian dialectics'characteristic, property, limitation, false source and historical achievement by practice dialectics enrichment materials and the cognition dialectics basing on practice dialectics can reverse and defeat the Hegelian dialectics completely. It should be noted that Hegelian dialectics is the application of "logic", but it still has a certain value. But the Marxian practice dialectics integral form is the materialistic dialectics'historical view. So, dialectics materialistic historical view in Marx reversion process plays the important role. It can be said that Marx used the practice materialism historical dialectics and cognition dialectics to reverse the Hegelian absolute spirit dialectics.In this thesis'opinion, the practice materialism dialectics of Marx's foundation is the revolution of the philosophy. But it not a philosophy that deviates from the materialism property .It is the new stage of the materialism development, and the highest stage of the materialism development. The practice dialectics plays an important role in the whole dialectics system. The generalized materialism dialectics and the practice materialism are coincident without distinguished carefully.This thesis divides into four chapters except the preface:Chapter one discusses the necessity of the nature, the character, the internal contradictions and the disintegration of Hegelian dialectics. It regards the starting point of Hegelian philosophy is to set up an absolute true system. To this end, he transformed the philosophy of Kant, Fichte and other people, and he set up a purely logical truth system. In the process, and he set up and made use of the dialectics. The main content of these dialectics has inherent surpassing nature, the unity of the antithesis, the infiltration of analysis and synthesis and the law of negation of negation. Hegel considers his development logic law is the law of thought processes and is also the law of the external things. Therefore, he think the logic true law that he illustrated on subjective surpasses the common law of the materialist and idealism, which is the philosophy he believes places higher than the previous. However, the so-called logical only rely on the law of thinking process elucidation, that is only logical thinking, and he abstractly upgraded people's think as absolute spirit, and put it as the origin of the world, so his dialectics is the idealism.Hegelian dialectics exists four inherent contradictions, namely, the contradictions of earlier logic and earlier time, methods and systems, limited and unlimited, to promote the main initiative and the tendency of fatalism.Hegel's philosophy, to some extent, is the performance of the ideology during of the increasing bourgeoisie in Germany. The social role of the philosophy must both have revolutionary and a strong conservative. With the development of capitalism and the strengthening of the bourgeoisie, the external causes is bound to intensify the internal contradictions of Hegel's philosophy which made it disintegrates. The chapter also briefly describes the young Hegelians'representatives and Feuerbach's main philosophical opinion, and analyzes the cause of the ontology of the later reversed Hegel's philosophy, but which was unable to finally overcome Hegelianism.This chapter focuses on which the substance that Marx reversed Hegelian dialectics with practice dialectics, rather than the abstract material dialectics. First, this chapter explains the historical background and fundamental reason that Marx reversed Hegel's Dialectics. Marx represents the interests of the proletariat and the purpose of his philosophy activity is to provide theoretical weapon for the cause of proletarian revolution, which makes him specially need to study social history and political issues at that time, and in accordance with the true things to recognize all. But Hegel's dialectics with Mysticism color set up on the base of idealism, on the one hand, it have guessed the dialectics laws of true thing, while representing by distorted form, so Marx must reverse it by materialism in order to become a scientific way of thinking.In this chapter, the author considers that the material dialectics can not explain the source and nature of people and it can not explain the nature and development law of social history. Marx created the practice dialectics, and on which reveals the history dialectics and cognition dialectics of materialism, so he reversed the Hegelian idealism dialectics.The chapter concludes that the opinion of so-called which Marx reversed Hegel's dialectics by human study dialectics is also wrong. Because human study dialectics itself is an uncertainty concept, and it is impossible to reveal origin and nature of people understanding well, not thoroughly reveal and overcome Hegel's dialectics, and it does not conform to the theory activity starting point for Marx at that time.Chapter three discusses the specific process which Marx reversed Hegelian dialectics. Marx used the main body of the people with the reality instead of the Hegelian self-consciousness; Concept of alienation of labor activity as the practice specific form instead of the concept of alienation of Hegelian absolute spirit; cognition activity of the reality people which set up on the basis of practice instead of the self-awareness of Hegel's the absolute spirit; the conception of materialism history which social existence determines social consciousness instead of the concept of idealism history which social awareness determines social existence. It discusses the profound critique that Marx carried out Epistemological root of Hegel's idealism dialectics.Chapter four It discusses the importance of practice dialectics in the whole dialectics system which set up in the process of Marx reverse Hegelian dialectics.Firstly, it clarifies the main content of the general dialectics of the author understanding, and then discusses the main character of practice dialectics and the change of the way of thinking brought by practice dialectics. Secondly, it clarifies the relationship between practice dialectics and Cognition dialectics. It considers that practice dialectics provide the material of perceptual cognition development and the ideals of rational cognition for Cognition dialectics, and the practice activity can be able to promote recognize capabilities of people. Finally, I illustrate the relationship between practice dialectics and substances dialectics and think that they are mutual-proof, but, in contrast, material areas are more fundamental. So Practice Dialectics is not another philosophy concept of divorcing material dialectics'fundamental nature and it still belongs to materialism factions, but, so far, it is the highest form of materialism development. If we cannot distinguish the fundamental difference between practice dialectics and old materialism and think it as another philosophy that surpasses materialism and idealism are both wrong.The main innovation of this article is to illustrate that only practice dialectics can thoroughly reveal the sources, the nature, the process and laws of understanding. Only do this, we can thoroughly critic the abstraction and mystery of Hegelian dialectics, at the same time to divest its reasonable core, so that in order to achieve reverse and overcome the purpose of Hegelian dialectics. In addition, there are some innovations on details, such as the understanding of Hegelian philosophy internal contradictions, in the past, except that academic world admits the contradictions of Hegelian philosophy and system which revealed by Engels, there's no more discussion. Another example is that practice dialectics makes contradictions more acute and clearly, and makes it more universally contacting with people; practice dialectics makes development obtained measured clear criteria and standards and so on which are some new views.