The Research On The Development And Evolution Of Qing Dynasty's Neologisms And New Sememes

Language is a social phenomenon.And vocabulary is the most active factor.It can sensitively reflect the social changes.The reflection is that the neologisms and the new sememes emergence and the old words and the old sememes demise.In recent years,the researches about the neologism and the new sememes have gradually become the major and focal issue in Chinese academic research.However, the research has no system.We can not find the thesises or the monographs about the neologisms and the new sememes of the Qing Dynasty in the current research.So this article will make the neologisms and the new sememes of Qing Dynasty about the Chinese Dictionary as the main corpus and research subject.We try to build the system of Qing Dynasty's neologisms and new sememes.This thesis has eight parts.Chapterâ… is the summary of domestic and foreign scholars' researches on the Chinese neologisms and the new sememes,and the explanation on the corpus of the Chinese Dictionary.There are some questions about the Chinese Dictionary compilation,so we replenish the questions according to the thesis and monographs about Chinese Dictionary,as well as "The Neologisms Etymological Dictionary of the Modern Chinese" and the electronic editions of the "Imperial Colleciton of Four" and Tripitaka.At last we illustrate the structures of this thesis and the methods about the research.Chapterâ…¡is the description about the new sememes of the Qing Dynasty,to take the sememe as the units.We describe the new sememes form eleven parts by the relationship of the meaning and the symbols' references.The eleven parts are the kinship,the appellation,the human and body,the material life,the spiritual life,the productive labor,the behaviors,the emotions,the characters,the time-space,and the natural phenomena and things.Among the nominal characteristic,the neologisms and new sememes about the kinship appellation,human and body,physiological behavior,costumes,food,tools and recreation are the most abundant.The neologisms and new sememes about the economy,culture and official mechanism are more abundant.The neologisms and new sememes about the biololgy,celestial body and the natural phenomena are the fewest.Among the verbal characteristic,the neologisms and new sememes about the physiological behaviors,behaviors of the ears',hands',eyes' and legs',and psychological activities are the most abundant. Among the adjectival characteristic,the neologisms and new sememes about the human beings' qualities,appearances,characters,postures and intelligence are the most abundant.The neologisms and the new sememes about the natural sceneries are the fewest.The all neologisms and new sememes distribute into the surbordinate semantic field,synonymic semantic field,antonymic semantic field,relationship semantic field,sequential field and portraying semantic field.The synonymic semantic fields are the most,and then the surbodinate semantic fields and antonymic fields.The semantic fields' construction are the basement and conditions of semantic system about Qing Dynasty's new sememes.Chapterâ…¢is the summarization on the generation methods of Qing Dynasty's neologisms.The methods are the onomatopoeia,er-suffixed rhymes,mutation, morpheme composition and abridgement.The sources of the Qing Dynasty's neologisms are the loan words,dialect words and the ancient books.Chapterâ…£is the analysis on the generation method of the Qing Dynasty's new sememes.The method is the extension.We talk about the Qing Dynasty's extension from views of the seme motion,the relationship between the seme motion and morpheme,psychological mechanism and the results of the extension.Chapterâ…¤is the description about word-formation of the neologisms and the new sememes from the views of the phonetic and syntactic-semantic.According to the symbols of the syllables,the neologisms can be divided into two types: monosyllable and multi-syllable.Multi-syllabic words can be divided into two-syllable,three syllables,four syllables and five syllables or more than five syllables.Multi-syllable can be divided into two types:overlapping and non-overlapping.Overlapping styles has AA,ABB,AAB,Abc,AbC,AABB, ABAB,AABC,ABAC,AABC,ABCC,ACBC,ABcc,ABcd,Abcd,etc. Non-overlapping words' word-formation is mainly the syntactic-semantic.The syntactic-semantic word-formation has two styles:compound form and additional form.Compound word-formation has five types:paratactic structure,biased-positive structure,verb/adj-object structure,verb/adj-complement structure,subject-predicate structure,etc.We also describe the morpheme type and the relationship between the morpheme meaning and the symbols referent about the five word-formations. Additional form can be divided into two types:prefix and suffix,and listing the usage of the five affix("lao","zi","tou","er","ran") of Qing Dynasty.In the Qing Dynasty's new sememe system,the disyllablic and three-syllabic affixes emergence. The disyllable affixes can append the monosyllabic morpheme as Abc and the disyllabic morpheme as ABet,ABed.The three-syllabic can append the monosyllabic morpheme as Abcd.Chapterâ…¥is the introduction of the new idiomatic phrases,which appeared in Qing Dynasty.The idiomatic phrases include idioms,locutions,allegorical sayings and proverbs.We explain the definition and judging standards of the idioms, describe the source,structure and image media of the idioms,etc.We introduce the producing approaches and the structures of the locutions,the types and the comprehension of the allegorical sayings,and the types of the proverbs.We summarize that the idioms how to reflec the Chinese culture from the phonetic form, semantic content and the form of expression.Chapterâ…¦focuses on the neologisms and the new sememes' movement.The movement is the singiy-used word's creation and extinction.We sum up the approaches of the singiy-used word's creation,and analyze the reasonability of existence,the causes and the manifestations of extinction.We explain the neologisms and new sememes's of evolution path through Mr Wang Xijie's theory of potential and appearance,and sum up the characteristics of the word's meaning which are used in the Modern Chinese.Chapterâ…§is the summarization of the Qing Dynasty's neologisms and new sememes' characteristics.The first characteristic is the signal neologism fields.The Qing Dynasty's signal neologism fields are about the political system,economic life, cultural life and daily life.The signal neologism fields of the political system contain the neologisms about the official mechanism,military system,and Taiping Heavenly Kindom Movement.The signal neologism fields of the economic life contain the neologisms about the commercial mechanism,economic activities,tax policy and employment relationship.The signal neologism fields of the cultural life contain the neologisms about the imperial examination,development of "Xiao-Xue" and western advanced technology.The signal neologism fields of the daily life contain the neologisms about Manchu's costumes and food,gambling,wenching and opiophagy.The other characteristic is the coexistence of the classical and vernacular style.Some neologisms are the vernacular style.We put Qing Dynasty as the synchronic stage and diachronic stage in the Chinese history.We use the methods of the induction and deduction,the quantitative analysis and qualitative analysis,as well as the philosophical views about the traditional linguistics and the cognitive linguistics.We try to describe completely and explain fully.We try to find the system of Qing Dynasty's neologisms and the new sememes on the basis of comprehensive description.We hope that we can make contribution to construct the general history of the Chinese vocabulary.