The Lexicalization Of The Non-syntactic Structure In Chinese

The lexicalization and the grammaticalization are the two important aspects of the language change, and they are the hot spots and focuses in the current linguistics of the world. But there is enormous imbalance between the lexicalization and the grammaticalization: The research on the grammaticalization has presented an impressive sight and made the reamrkable achievement, but the research on the lexicalization actually is still in full swing and at the stage of development. In recent years, although the research on the lexicalization has also made the grade, but there are still a lot of weak areas and blank domains, and far deeper. Regarding the lexicalization of the syntactic structure, there are lots of researches about it, and the domestic scholars have also conducted a quite systematic discussion. But as for the lexicalization of the non-syntactic structure, mostly is only scattered, individual or the broad research. This aspect has been not a more specific and systematic research until this paper is completed. The lexicalization of the non-syntactic structure and lexicalization of the syntactic structure are opposite. The lexicalization of the non-syntactic structure refers to the language change that the element sequence that has not direct syntagmatic relation but only in the linear sequence of the sentence is lexicalized and becomes an independent word. The lexicalization of the non-syntactic structure is an important part of the lexicalization. The innovation of this paper is: in this paper, firstly, systematically and deeply, we inspect 10 categories, more than 30 non-syntactic structure in Chinese which have less attention or more attention but need to be further explored in the closed system and scope which namely taken the non-syntactic structure phenomenon in Chinese as the object of the study from the reality of Chinese, solidly rooted in the language of literature, and combined the ways of synchronic linguistics and diachronic linguistics, especially the typical traditional linguistics and the modern Western linguistics theory, and used the form which unifies the general remarks and the typical case monograph inspection. This paper has discussed the research background, the scope, the type, the general character and the individuality characteristic as well as the reason of the form, the mechanism, the rules and the influencing factors and so on about the lexicalization of the non-syntactic structure in Chinese from many angles, and tried hard to discover the characteristic and certain rules, proposes the view of"multi-lexicalization", and tried hard to attempt to build a relatively complete system of the truth and theory. So this paper has many innovations. This paper not only has the theoretical significance value of the study body, but also has the using value such as language teaching, dictionary compilation, Chinese information processing, and many other practical applications value.The main body part of the paper altogether includes 14 chapters except for the preface and the conclusion, and may divide into 4 parts.Chapter 1 is the background part of the paper. This chapter clears off the concept of the grammaticalization and the lexicalization, domestic and foreign research survey, and the relationships and the boundaries between the grammaticalization and the lexicalization, and the evolution ownership of the disyllable function words,such as other hot and difficult problems. We thinks that if the evolution result of the lexicalization in Chinese is formed lexical words, then the change is lexicalization, and if the evolution result of the lexicalization in Chinese is formed the disyllable grammatical words, then the change is both the lexicalization and the grammaticalization, that is the process of coincidence ,and the others occur one after another. This paper focuses mainly on the lexicalization from the element sequence to a vocabulary word, and naturally involves the grammaticalization or the function evolution.Chapter 2 is the basic part of the paper. After discussing the syntactic structure in Chinese and several main constitution ways, this chapter focuses on the proposed concept of the non-syntactic structure in Chinese, present research situation, the scope and nature, and the classification criteria and categories and so on. Besides the category and the case have already been in-depth study by predecessors, we divides the non-syntactic structure in Chinese into 10 categories, and discuss more than 30 specific words which are formed by the lexicalization of the non-syntactic structure in Chinese, and many of them are grammatical words including some lexical words. These 10 categories were reflected in Chapter3-Chapter 13.Chapter 3-Chapter 13 are the main part of the paper. Each chapter adopts the general remarks and the monograph form to explore the phenomenon and the rules.Chapter 3 discusses the lexicalization of the non-syntactic structure on"Verb + Aux". The typical case study of"X Zhe/Le/Guo X着/了/过"is Suanle算了, and the typical case study of"X De/ De / De X的/地/得"is Miande免得. Suanle算了has the lexicalization change bofore the grammaticalization, then has the modality and discourse marker functions. Miande免得evolves separately the conjunction and the verb by way of many kinds of the lexicalization, and is a"multi-lexicalization"type. This chapter focused mainly on the Auxiliary word助词incorporation and the cliticization.Chapter 4 discusses the lexicalization of the non-syntactic structure on"Verb + Prep(Yu于)". The typical cases are Adv Zhongyu终于and Conj-Prep Youyu由于. The change of this type takes place in the evolution after the syntactic change, which means that When the object of Prep Yu于expanded from NP to VP, Yu于and the Verb before it have a decategorization one after another, and have the preposition incorporation, so the lexicalization are finished. Youyu由于has some characteristics. Preposition incorporation plays an important role in such the lexicalization of the non-syntactic structure.Chapter 5 discusses the lexicalization of the non-syntactic structure on"Verb + Prep(Yi于)". The typical cases are Jiayi加以and Nanyi难以. The lexicalizations of them are caused by the way of the object of Prep Yi以expanding from NP to VP, so have a number of auxiliary Verb nature. The usage of the conjunctions and form verb on Jiayi加以are separately evolved on the basis of the different meanings of Jia加and through the different paths. That is a type of the"multi-lexicalization". The lexicalization on Nanyi难以reflects that it is a marginal auxiliary. This chapter focused mainly on the impact of the model of the"multi-lexicalization"and the syntactic change.Chapter 6 discusses the lexicalization of the non-syntactic structure on"Verb + Conj". The typical cases are Ji'er继而and Jin'er进而. The evolutions of this type are mainly related to the decategorization on Verb, especially simplification of the syntactic structure of the entire sentence. In addition, the results of this evolution are generally a combination of two characteristics of adverbs and conjunctions. Decategorization and simplification of the syntactic structure need our attention.Chapter 7 discusses the lexicalization of the non-syntactic structure on"Adj + Conj,Verb". The typical cases are Xing'er幸而, Shen'er甚而and Shenzhi甚至. The path of the change on Xing'er幸而is: non-syntactic structure→adverb. The path of the change on Shen'er甚而is: non-syntactic structure→Conjunction→Adverb. The Shenzhi1甚至1 is formed by the lexicalization of the co-ordinate phrase as the lexicalization of the syntactic structure. The most basic evolutionary process on the conjunction usage of the Shenzhi2甚至2 is similar to Shen'er甚而: non-syntactic structure→Conjunction→Adverb. And then on this basis, it develops a wide range of usage and function. The evolution of this category is related to the evolution of syntax, in particular to the simplification of the syntactic structure.Chapter 8 discusses the lexicalization of the non-syntactic structure on"Adv + Conj". The typical cases are Shi'er时而, Hu'er忽而. The evolution of this category is related to the cliticization on Er而, and to the construction of the reduplicate of the similar or related structures, and to the restructuring and the division of labor in the internal word group formed by the synonyms or the similar meaning words. The cliticization, specificity and construction are the characteristics of the lexicalization of this type.Chapter 9 discusses the lexicalization of the non-syntactic structure on"Conj +Verb". The typical cases are Zeyi则已, YiV以V such as Yiqi以期Yimian以免,Yibian以便etc. The lexicalization on Zeyi则已is related to the construction of the structure Bu V Zeyi不V则已, to the decategorization on Ze则and Yi已, to the subjectivisation and rhythm. The lexicalization on the type of the YiV1以V1 is related to the cliticization on the Yi以and the reinforcement mechanism. The different within the term YiV1以V1 are caused by the different meaning of the morpheme Yi以. Another special lexicalization on YiV2以V2 is related that the object of Yi以is omitted and the preposition functions are left. This chapter focused primarily on the interaction and impact about the decategorization, construction, the meaning of the morpheme and the cliticization in the lexicalization of the non-syntactic structure.Chapter 10 discusses the lexicalization of the non-syntactic structure on"counter-questions adverb +Verb". The typical cases are Conj Napa哪怕and Adv Hexu何须. The pragmatic inference plays an important role in the process of lexicalization of this type. And the background of the construction, decategorization on Verb and subjectivity etc are all play the roles. The word formation of Napa哪怕wrote Napa那怕, and the lexicalization on Hexu何须has the problem of the reinforcement of the function of He何. Since the role of pragmatic inference, after the lexicalization of this type"counter-questions adverb +Verb", it would be mean Bu V不V in semantics. And some words with a high degree of lexicalization will go one step further and express an assumption or non-reality of the situation. This chapter focuses mainly on the impact of pragmatic inference.Chapter 11 discusses the lexicalization of the non-syntactic structure on"Noun/Verb+ Adv". The typical cases are Conj Qishi其实, Shibi势必, Xiangbi想必, Liangbi谅必. We think that the lexicalization on Qishi其实is related to the non-syntactic structure on"Pro Qi其+Adv shi实". The different of the lexicalization and the meaning of Shibi势必and Xiangbi想必is related to their meaning of morpheme. Liangbi谅必is analogized directly from Xiangbi想必. The meaning of Shi势, Xiang想, Liang谅and bi必decide the speculative level and strength of the words after their lexicalization. The important roles of the meaning of the morpheme need pay more attention to.Chapter 12 and Chapter 13 discuss the special lexicalization of the non-syntactic structure through the reduction of the lexical words. The typical cases are Zaibu再不, Zhihou之后, Congzhong从中; Jushuo据说, Jucheng据称, Juyun据云,Juxi据悉, Anshuo按说, Zhaoshuo照说, Juchuan据传, Juwen据闻, Zhaoban照办, and Tingshuo听说and so on. The lexicalization on the conjunction Zaibu再不is formed by the way of the reduction of Ran然in Zaiburan再不然. The lexicalization on Zhihou之后is related to the reduction of X in"X Zhihou之后". The lexicalization on the adverb Congzhong从中is from the reduction of X in the syntactic environment of the"X,Cong从(X)zhong中V/VP", so the"Cong从(X)zhong中"become the Congzhong从中through the pragmatic ellipsis and condense. Their formations are related to the pragmatics. The formation of the Jushuo据说, Jucheng据称and Juyun据云are lexicalized through the reduction of X in the"Ju据X Shuo说/Cheng称/Yun云". The formation of Juxi据悉is the result of the double implicit and condense. Juchuan据传,Juwen据闻and Zhaoban照办all have two or more paths of the formation by condense, so they are quite special. The lexicalization on Anshuo按说concerns with the condense of"An按X Shuo说", and in generally X is the words meaning the common or conventional senses, such as Guiju规矩, (Dao)li(道)理etc . The lexicalization on Tingshuo听说is the result of the condense of X in the structure"Ting听(X)Shuo说". That is inseparable with the language of economics, integration, innovation etc. This chapter focuses mainly on the factors such as pragmatics and integration in the special lexicalization of the non-syntactic structure through the reduction of the lexical words.In brief, each chapter revolves the lexicalization of the non- syntactic structure in Chinese to carry on the elaboration, and forms an organic whole.Chapter 14 is the conclusion of the paper. We summarize many aspects about the lexicalization of the non-syntactic structure in Chinese, such as the overall characteristics and the rules, the general character and the individuality, the motivations and the mechanisms, the interactive and influence factor, and the academic values and meaning and so on. And we explore the similar situation in English and reveal the significance of the study of the typology. In the end, we point out the directions for further research.Finally, the attached list 1: The list of the grammatical words formed by the lexicalization of the syntactic structure in Chinese in Modern Chinese Dictionary现代汉语词典(2005). Attached list 2: The grammatical words formed by the suffix derivational words, reduplicative compound and Lianmian联绵words. Attached list 3: The list of the grammatical words formed by the lexicalization of the non-syntactic structure in Chinese in Modern Chinese Dictionary现代汉语词典(2005). Attached list 4: The index term.