Research On The Terrorist Activities And The Anti-terror Laws In Period Of The Republic Of China

In　the　history　of　crimes　in　human　society,　terrorist　activities　exist　in　every　period　and　both　domestically　and　abroad.　The　categories　of　terrorist　activities　might　not　be　the　same　in　different　societies,　nations　and　regions.　The　banning　attitude　of　the　rulers　toward　those　activities　might　be　various.　　Terrorist　activities　in　China　lasted　for　more　than　two　thousand　years　and　the　situations　were　the　worst　in　period　of　the　Republic　of　China.　Although　all　the　regimes　made　anti-terror　law　and　take　anti-terror　measures　to　eliminate　or　control　those　activities,　it　wasn't　a　easy　task　for　them　considering　the　lack　of　competence　and　the　power　seized　by　the　terrorists.　　After　the　foundation　of　the　People's　Republic　of　China,　the　society　was　harassed　at　the　early　stage　by　terrorist　activities　made　by　the　remnants　of　the　Kuomingtang　(KMT),　the　reactionary　secret　societies　and　the　landlords.　While,　with　the　abolishment　of　the　reactionary　secret　societies　and　the　elimination　of　the　KMT　spies,　crimes　decreased　and　terrorist　activities　came　to　disappear.　　In　1970's,　the　cold　war　came　to　an　end.　Since　then,　the　international　conflicts　take　on　a　new　look,　and　the　world　is　more　pluralized.　At　the　same　time,　as　special　phenomenon,　the　situation　of　international　terrorist　activities　comes　to　be　severe,　including　hijacking　plane　and　bombing,　kidnapping,　taking　hostage,　hijacking　ship　or　train,　assassinating　etc.　Under　the　influence　of　international　terrorist　organizations　and　their　terrorist　activities,　the　terrorists　also　appear　in　our　country.　They　deeply　disturb　the　society　by　bombing　traffic　vehicles,　blowing　up　private　houses,　taking　hostages.　As　a　result,　the　Chinese　government,　academic　circles,　and　judicial　officers　nowadays　put　much　more　attention　on　terrorist　activities.　This　dissertation　analyzes　the　emergence　and　the　development　of　the　terrorist　activities　in　the　period　of　the　Republic　of　China　and　tries　to　find　out　their　characteristics　and　law　by　using　the　method　of　legal　history,　criminal　law　and　criminology　in　order　to　understand　the　political　and　social　base　of　the　contemporary　terrorist　activities　and　to　perfect　the　Chinese　anti-terror　laws.　The　dissertation　are　divided　into　seven　parts:　Chapter　one　concerns　the　general　picture　of　the　terrorist　activities　in　the　period　of　the　Republic　of　China.　The　terrorist　activities　in　the　period　of　the　Republic　of　China　were　very　complex.　By　analyzing　the　subject,　purpose,　method　and　object　of　the　terrorist　activities,　the　author　tries　to　find　out　the　nature　of　those　activities.　The　dissertation　divides　terrorist　activities　into　several　categories　according　to　their　performers,　motivations　and　objects,　namely　the　terrorist　activities　of　bandits,　secret　societies,　the　Japanese　invaders,　heresies,　the　Bureau　of　Investigation　and　Statistics　of　the　Military　Council　(BISMC),　extreme　nationalism,　etc.　　　Chapter　two　is　about　the　terrorist　activities　of　bandits.　The　bandits　didn't　obey　the　social　rules　and　always　destroyed　the　legal　orders.　They　had　their　own　rules　that　were　raw　and　out　of　date　and　seized　other's　properties　by　the　terrorist　violence,　killing,　setting　fire　and　kidnapping　etc.　So,　we　can　say　that　they　lived　on　their　arms　and　violence.　In　face　of　the　government,　the　bandits　might　fight　against　the　authority,　or　accept　amnesty　and　serve　the　ruler.　The　violence　brought　great　harm　to　the　society.　The　contradiction　between　the　anti-society　groups　and　the　nation　were　irreconcilable.　Once　the　irreconcilable　contradiction　was　set　off,　the　society　would　be　in　danger.　Seizing　properties　and　extorting　money,　among　other　things,　were　the　main　measures　taken　to　destroy　the　society.　　Chapter　three　summarizes　the　terrorist　activities　of　the　secret　society.　Secret　society,　at　the　beginning,　had　helped　the　weak　to　protect　their　interest.　But,　later,　they　degenerated　to　the　crimes　of　gambling,　trafficking　in　narcotics,　prostitution,　kidnapping　and　assassination.　Consequently,　they　played　a　role　of　the　evil　protector　who　sheltered　black　economy　and　participated　in　the　activities.　Speaking　of　the　black　terrors　in　the　period　of　Republic　of　China,　one　can　easily　remember　several　tragedies　made　by　the　notorious　hooligans　and　killers　who　were　the　members　of　the　secret　society　called　"Qing　bang　".　At　that　time,　Shanghai　was　the　center　of　"Qing　bang　"　whose　leaders　including　Huang　Jinrong,　Du　Yuesheng　and　Zhang　Xiaolin　colluded　with　the　government　so　that　they　facilitated　in　kidnapping,　assassinating,　smuggling　and　trafficking　people.　They　disturbed　the　social　order　in　Shanghai,　even　in　great　part　of　China.　Other　secret　societies　such　as　"Pao　ge"　also　gradually　became　black　societies.　The　terrorist　activities　done　by　those　secret　societies　made　the　public　security　worse.　　Chapter　four　analyzes　the　relations　between　superstitious　sects　and　terrorist　activities.　Superstitious　sects　originated　from　the　secret　sects　in　Chinese　feudal　society,　which　had　taken　some　positive　measures　such　as　fighting　against　the　feudalism　and　driving　the　foreign　invaders.　At　the　same　time,　they　also　had　many　anti-society　activities.　Many　elements　influenced　the　change　from　secret　sects　to　superstitious　sects,　including　political,　economic,　culture,　and　social　reasons.　So,　the　development　of　the　superstitious　sects　appears　more　complex.　In　view　of　history,　it's　a　deposit　of　historical　change　and　culture　transmission.　Step　by　step,　superstitious　sects　came　into　being　by　showing　extreme　activities,　making　terrorist　atmosphere.　As　a　result,　they　can　be　called　paganism.　Chapter　five　discusses　the　terrorist　activities　of　BISMC　and　its　organizations.　The　terrorist　activities　of　BISMC　were　well　organized　and　supported　by　KMT　government.　In　nature,　it's　a　masterpiece　of　KMT　government.　BISMC　originated　from　the　Investigation　Council　that　was　founded　in　1927.　Later,　it　developed　into　Rejuvenation　Association　of　China,　on　which　BISMC　was　born.　In　1940's,　BISMC　reached　the　summit.　After　the　liberation　of　China,　the　remnants　also　had　the　terrorist　activities　in　some　regions.　The　terrorist　activities　of　BISMC　were　very　frequent　in　the　period　of　the　Republic　of　China.　It　mainly　took　two　measures,　namely　assassination　and　kidnapping.　By　assassinating,　BISMC　occupied　territories　and　got　rid　of　dissidents.　Its　members　also　kidnapped　some　famous　figures　to　threaten　the　public　and　strengthen　the　sphere　of　influence.　In　the　name　of　the　government　offices,　its　members　collaborated　with　the　political　and　judicial　officers　and　brought　great　harm　to　the　society.　　Chapter　six　focuses　on　the　KMT　anti-terror　laws.　The　KMT　government　made　a　series　anti-terror　laws　to　deal　with　the　terrorist　activities.　Although　these　laws　were　not　independent,　the　relative　criminal　laws　included　all　the　terrorist　activities,　the　concept　of　which　was　that　threatening　by　violence　or　violent　measures,　the　terrorist　activities　lead　to　innocent　people's　death,　the　great　loss　of　the　public　and　private　properties　and　the　terror　to　the　societies.　Besides　regulating　the　immediate　loss　made　by　terrorist　activities,　the　KMT　anti-terror　laws　also　included　some　by　terrorist　activities　related　crimes.　The　KMT　anti-terror　laws　may　be　divided　into　several　parts:　the　anti-terror　laws　in　KMT　Criminal　Code;　the　anti-terror　laws　in　many　special　regulations;　the　policies　toward　some　groups　that　were　likely　to　take　terrorist　measures.　Chapter　seven　studies　the　anti-terror　laws　in　revolutionary　base　area.　In　the　period　of　the　Republic　of　China,　the　terrorist　activities,　with　political　or　social　purposes,　were　performed　from　time　to　time.　Considering　these　activities'　threatening　the　political　order,　the　public　security　and　civil　lives,　every　regime　tried　to　make　laws　or　take　measures　to　control　them.　While,　only　the　people's　government　in　base　areas　and　in　liberalized　regions　set　up　by　the　Chinese　Communist　Party　can　take　radical　measures　to　settle　these　problems　and　make　great　success　in　anti-terror　battles.