Discussion On The Criminal Law As The Secondary Criterion

Where　is　a　society,　there　are　conflicts　between　human　being　and　nature,　between　people　and　society,　and　between　peoples.　To　avoid　these　conflicts　constituting　a　fundamental　threat　for　the　existence　of　all　human　being,　we　thus　established　a　comprehensive　artificial　criterion　system.　It　is　an　issue　of　great　significance　that　how　to　position　the　criminal　law,　which　features　the　application　of　criminal　penalty,　in　this　criterion　system,　especially,　under　the　present　national　policy　that　advocating　the　principle　of　being　oriented　by　the　requirement　of　people.　While　this　article　positions　the　criminal　law　as　the　secondary　criterion,　which　will　not　be　applicable　unless　the　specific　case　is　beyond　other　criterions'　functions,　to　be　in　line　with　the　conservatism　of　criminal　law.　The　whole　article　is　divided　into　five　parts　and　has　about　40,000　characters.　In　the　prologue,　it　clearly　points　out　the　key　argument　of　this　article,　identifies　the　criminal　law　as　the　secondary　criterion　and　explains　the　objectives　and　structure　of　thoughts.　In　Chapter　One,　it　is　to　clarify　the　theoretical　basis　for　the　article.　Starting　from　the　limitation　of　people's　knowledge,　the　personal　freedom's　indispensable　significance　to　civilization,　till　to　the　negative　perspectives　on　the　functions　of　a　state,　it　argues　the　advisability　of　the　watchman-like　model　of　state　management,　which　provide　a　constitutional　basis　for　the　proper　positioning　of　criminal　law　in　the　entire　social　control.　Furthermore,　the　description　on　the　paradox　of　criminal　penalty,　the　assessment　on　costs　and　benefits　of　penalty,　and　the　comprehensive　analysis　on　cause,　nature　and　functions　of　crimes　also　support　the　theory　that　the　criminal　law　shall　be　regarded　as　the　secondary　criterion.　　In　Chapter　Two,　it　focuses　on　the　criterion　level　and　commits　to　make　a　harmonious　relationship　between　criminal　law,　code　of　ethics　and　other　regulations　under　law.　On　the　relationship　between　criminal　law　and　ethics,　it　maintains　that　we　shall　pay　more　attention　to　the　definition　between　law　and　ethics,　especially　the　functioning　areas　between　criminal　law　and　ethics,　when　recognizing　certain　identity　between　them.　It　pinpoints　the　limitations　of　criminal　law　where　it　can　enhance　the　effect　of　ethics　code.　On　the　relationship　between　criminal　law　and　other　departmental　laws,　it　only　shall　be　a　relation　of　"general　applicability　and　final　protection",　while　not　a　parallel　relation.　This　relationship　is　not　only　required　by　the　concern　of　overall　effect　of　crime　control,　but　also　by　the　requirement　of　readability　of　criminal　law.　The　task　of　Chapter　Three　is　to　carry　out　the　argument　of　this　article　in　the　concrete　regulations　of　law.　With　the　design　of　a　legislation　system,　establishment　of　general　principles　of　criminalization　and　description　on　the　qualitative　determination　and　quantitative　determination　to　control　criminal　law's　inference　on　social　economy,　which　sets　up　an　impassable　hedge　against　the　improper　expansion　of　a　state's　penalty　power.　The　final　part　reiterates　the　motive　of　this　article　and　also　presents　a　heartfelt　wish　for　the　realization　of　such　a　concept　in　criminal　law.