Non-agricultural Development Of Our Farmers

Human development is the ultimate goal of the development in a society, which is a basic idea of scientific socialism. In China, the key point of human development is the peasantry's development. On one hand, as a socialist country, China has to face the problems existing in all other socialist countries;on the other, the problems in China's peasantry's development are extremely severe nowadays. So the present author studies peasantry's depeasantization development to seek a way of depeasantization for the peasantry's development.In this dissertation, "peasantry" refers to labor forces registered as village residence, which is a mid-level definition, and the number of such peasantry is bigger than that of the occupational peasantry but smaller than that of the registered villagers. Peasantry's depeasantization development explores peasantry's development from the vision of depeasantization, which includes at least the following three steps: peasantry change their occupation into non-agriculture ones, transfer their locations to cities and towns (urbanization), and divert their role into urban residents. In the course of peasantry's depeasantization development, occupation changing is the beginning and fundamental symbol, location transferring is the inevitable choice, and role diverting is the final settlement. The definition of peasants' depeasantization development lays basement for designing the paper's thinking and frame. Three steps' depeasantization development of peasants forms three parts of the paper, together with the part of introduction and conclusion, making the paper completed and systematized.In fact, peasantry's depeasantization development, accompanying with our socialist modernization, is not a new phenomenon after the reformation. Just because of all kinds of influences, it was limited and was not obvious before the reformation. Peasantry's depeasantization has made a rapid development since the implementation of "reforming and opening up" policy and there have appeared two phases, one is characterized with local non-agriculture in 1980's and the other is characterized with outside non-agriculture since 1990.The theory of labor's flowing to higher places for individual or family maximum benefit, based on dual structure, originates the theory for peasantry's depeasantization development in our country. The typical dual structure between urban and rural areas, the great number of surplus rural labor force and the gradual-loosened-policy of the government, have offered possible conditions for peasantry's depeasantization development.Due to the primary stage of socialism we are still in, every system is being reformed and perfected. The government, as the main body to offer constitutions, has undoubtedly and greatly affected peasantry's depeasantization development. The effect is double edged. On one hand, the government, having realized the significance, objective necessity and actual probability of peasantry's depeasantization, has changed its attitude and adjusted its policies to provide better conditions for peasantry's depeasantization development;on the other hand, the government, due to its worries about the peasantry's depeasantization development, has continued the urban-bias policy which has restricted the peasantry's depeasantization development. Though great progress has been made, peasantry's depeasantization development has still stayed in a primary level. The conclusion can be drawn: huge scale of occupation change is going on, location transference has taken place step by step, and role diversion with status change is just beginning. Therefore, there is considerable room for peasantry's depeasantization development.The basic reason for peasantry changing their occupation is the increasing income. At present, the difference of income lies not only in currency and non-currency income, but also in material and non-material income. The difficulties of peasantry's occupational change lie not only in the limited employment room between agriculture and non-agriculture, but also in numerous unfavorable essentials on system, society and quality that need to be conquered. So, peasantry's occupation has not thoroughly changed. Meanwhile, informal employment becomes a main channel for peasantry's occupational change.It has become a common phenomenon that peasantry work compatibly with industry and commerce in the process of changing their occupation. As an essential step, it has objective necessities. Concurrent work can add peasants' income to help them improve their living conditions, and make full use of available labor force to promote the exchange between urban and rural areas. Meanwhile, it can bring some negative effects on the scale management ofagriculture, the use of cultivated land, the quality of rural labor force, and the construction of towns etc. So, rational guidance is necessary for peasantry's concurrent work. We must take measures such as reforming constitutions of rural land, society insurance, employment and registered management, in order to urge peasantry's concurrent behavior to develop on a favorable road and gradually change the non-thorough conditions of peasantry's occupational change.Informal employment is the tendency of employment in our country, and it has become a main channel of peasantry's occupational change in fact. That concerns the separation of labor force market, the obstacle of peasantry's quality and the lower cost of informal employment. Nowadays problems such as improper recognition, inadequacy of law and order, administration, service and development still exist in informal employment. Some steps must be taken to create advantageous conditions for peasantry's informal employment, including creating a suitable environment, seeking social insurance method, reinforcing shift defrayment to urban low ability labor force, and taking market means to control peasantry's flowing.At present, peasantry's location transference is characterized by "two-track" systems, that is, the track of "agriculture to non-agriculture" according plan and the track of self-transferring out of plan. Simultaneously, the patterns of urbanization are dual too, including urbanization under the government plan and urbanization pushed forward by the folk force. It can be said that the relation between them is corresponding and tight.Influenced by the policy of urban development, the rural towns have developed rapidly in our country since the implementation of "reforming and opening up" policy. The arguments on the development of rural towns show the different ways of urbanization substantially. Undoubtedly, the core of urbanization strategy in our country is pursuing the harmonious development of big, medium, small cities and towns. Though the transferring pattern of "leave land but not village" promotes towns' development, rural urbanization practice has unavoidably shown symptoms of "rural disease", such as the tendency of industry's localization, agriculture's sideline positioning, leaving-agriculture population in an amphibious condition, towns' development lacking in rules, and environment deterioration. Yet big cities have been threatened by "urban disease", which still have strong attraction forthe villagers. The potentiality of big cities should be further excavated.To push on peasantry's location transference, four measures should be taken: firstly, carry out the basic rules of urbanization to ensure its development in a healthy crack;secondly, under the idea of developing urbanization with multi-patterns, establish reasonable urbanization strategy including the strategy of implementing urban circles and groups, taking "one county one town, take county town as a center" into rural-urbanization's effect;thirdly, combine urbanization and non-agriculture in order to advance urbanization with non-agriculture;fourthly, reform the constitutions to wipe off the relevant obstacles including the constitutions of land-using and investment in urban building, the transference of rural land and registered administration.When studying the final settlement of peasantry's depeasantization development (role diverting to urban residents), the author specially points out that the citizen identification in the paper takes the meaning of middle-level, covering the change from outer qualifications to inner qualities of peasantry. Yet its meaning of micro-level only emphasizes peasantry's change of outer qualifications such as identity and residential condition, and its meaning of macro-level stresses peasantry's modernization, which indicates urban civilization covering the peasants both off and in villages.Peasantry-workers are a special group in the process of peasantry's depeasantization development, which indicates the main stream of peasantry's role diversion (citizen identification). However, the indistinctness of role location has made them tied with two questions: "Who am I?" "Why have I always been hurt? " The stipulation that peasantry-workers in industry have become an important part of industry workers made by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China has provided thought for these questions. At the same time, the influence of social psychology on peasantry-workers' role location can't be ignored. Comparing with the theoretical three-stage (role understanding, role approval and role action) clear division in the process of peasantry's role diversion, the peasantry's role diversion in practice is much more complicated. For in the whole process, peasantry-workers have to undergo the adjustment in economy (livelihood), society and psychology. In a short time, the adaptation to livelihood is easy to take, but that to society and psychology is more difficult.The restrictions in peasantry's role diversion are mainly barriers in understanding, system and quality. So, corresponding measures should be taken to conquer these difficulties. First, set free thoughts, renew old ideas and deepen understanding. These requirements are valid to the role group of both citizens and peasantry. When it comes to the dissemination and guidance, the government can't refuse its obligations. Second, reinforce system reformation to clear off the obstacles of citizen identification. The key of land system reform is to set up institutions for peasantry to withdraw from the cultivating land, especially institutions of transition and compensation. Third, improve peasantry's whole qualities to increase their abilities of role adaptation, including qualities in ideology and morality, science and culture, and skill for employment.Owing to the peasantry's subjective efforts and Party's objective promotion, the advantage of all-round developing surroundings and the inadequacy of current developing situations, the development of peasantry's depeasantization has great potentialities.