On The Balanced Development Of Developing Countries And The Role Of Governments

Nowadays, the balanced development of the society is the crucial issue and keen desire facing the developing countries. The balanced development of the society can be defined as the harmonious and united development of the relation between human and nature, individuals, individuals and society as well. It is reflected as the mutual harmony and promotion of every field of one country, including, economy, politics, society and ecological environment etc. But in essence, it is the balance of the benefit for these fields. As to the value orientation, the balanced development of the society insists on the ideology of people foremost. As to the developing mode, it emphasizes the method of making overall arrangements at the viewpoint of the whole situation. As to the evaluation criteria of the developing outcome, it attaches great importance to both quality and effectiveness. The balanced development of the society is in need of the mutual efforts of multiple members, such as individuals, society, government and international organizations etc. The government plays a critical and irreplaceable role among all these members. First of all, sovereignty is the fundamental and principal part for the realization of the balanced development of the society. Second, the government is the supplier of balanced infrastructures within a nation. Third, social institution is also one of the primary infrastructures of vital importance. Proper institutions, especially formal ones as well as the literary institutions with universal effects are supposed to be supplied by the government. In sum, in the developing countries, the government is the nuclear power for the promotion of the balanced development of the society. It is also the crucial factor that influences the final success of the development.The issue of how to put forward the balanced development of the society of the developing countries requires not only theoretical bases, but also longtime summary and reflection from practice. In the 60s and 70s of the 20th century, a great number of countries of Latin America stepped into the prosperous period of development. However, the increase of economy had not automatically brought forward the mutual development of the society. There had been great reflection of the difference between the increase of economy and extreme disparity between the rich and the poor. Besides, the economical development of these countries was based on the great expenditure of natural resources and the damage of ecological environment. As the relation among the economy, society and environment became tighter than ever, governments of all countries began to take actions to face challenges. Chiles, Brazil, Mexico, Colombia and Costa Rica (They are called five Latin American countries for short in the passage below.) are more typical in this period. For promotion of the harmonious and united development of economy, politics, society and ecological environment, the five Latin American countries verified the institutions in time, harmonized the institutional system and strived to constitute a harmonious frame of institutions for the balanced development of the society. It not only gained conspicuous outcome, but also provided beneficial experience for other developing countries.In the economical area, the five Latin American countries dropped the strategy of domestically-oriented economy for the internationally-oriented economy. The old government-oriented economic system gradually turned to be market-oriented. The role of the government shifted from a direct operator, producer and supervisor in the past to a correspondent and supporter for national economy.After the forepart stage of industrialization, the five Latin American countries suffered worldly economic crisis. They all shift into the mode of domestically-oriented development. Although under the mode of import development, the five Latin American countries made great achievement in both industrialization and economic development, yet due to limitations of this mode, the life of the economic development can not last long. In 1982, an unprecedented serious debt crisis broke out in Latin American countries. The developing mode of import industrialization came to an end. For the solution of debt crisis, the five Latin American countries finally chose the strategy of internationally-oriented developing mode. This marked the beginning of overall economic reform. The five Latin American countries gradually took part in international market. For the promotion of the internationally-oriented development strategy, the five Latin American countries resorted to the following measures: adjust industrial structure, promote the development of industry, perfect the strategy of foreign trade, enforce business system reform, keep from inflation, reform tax system, increase public financial income, reconstruct financial system, strengthen the supervision of financial system, innovate state-owned enterprises, enhance the competitive ability of enterprises. The corresponding reform of the economic system of the five Latin American countries strengthened the macro-regulation and market control ability of the government. The economy began to recover and reinvigorated.In the social area, the government of the five Latin American countries ascertained their responsibilities. They advocated and promoted social justice and equality. In the past developing strategies of Latin American countries, most depended on the elimination of poverty and social injustice for the rapid growth of economy. The government lost their functions greatly in the solution of poverty and social injustice. In fact, economic development had not promoted the realization of social justice and development automatically. Instead it limited the continuous development of economy. Gradually, Latin American countries realized that the reform without decreasing poverty and inequality would not bring about social discontentment, which couldn't last long. In the 90s of the 20th century, the governments of Latin American countries began to shift the goal of social strategies to social justice and the harmonious development between society and economy. The reform is enlarged from economic field to social field.Concerned with the existing social poverty and inequality, Chiles, Brazil, Mexico, Colombia and Costa Rica increased and adjusted the expending strategies to make the redistribution of public resources show an inclination for the social groups who were in great needs instead of for the central citizens in the past. It strengthened the redistribution of social expending. The concrete methods includes: attach great importance to educational equality and investment, and basic educational construction, reconstruct social welfare system, construct the corresponding social welfare and labor system of market-oriented economy, perfect social saving system, make out social plans for certain groups, provide with necessary social protect for the people under poverty line and disadvantaged groups. When the government strived to increase the quantity of balanced public infrastructures, they also attached great importance to the quality of public infrastructures offered. They groped for and reformed the supervising system constantly, and endeavored to realize the effective provision of balanced public infrastructures.In the area of environment and zoology, Five Governments of Latin American place much emphasis on solving the contradiction of the development of economy and protection environment. Besides, they enact and put the continuous development stratagem into practice and relieve the stress of environmental resources. The natural resources of Five Countries of Latin American are plentiful, which provide material foundation for the development of economy. However, for the reason that the colonists plundered madly and unscrupulously exploitation for the construction of the nation, natural resources diminish dramatically. The exasperation of environment and resource lead to the sharp contradiction of human and nature, which threaten the continuous and healthy development of society and economy. In order to deal with this crisis, every government enacts the continuous development strategy to make economy, society and environment develop in harmony and make efforts to construct the ability of zoology, including devoting more money. Besides, they consummate the construction of the institutional system in laws and policy and enhance the implement strength of laws. What's more, they reinforce international cooperation and establish the institutional frame of the management of zoology system.In the area of polity, Five Governments of Latin American constantly consummate the democracy and polity structure in order to apply to the change of social structure. Since 80s of the 20th century, the new liberalism of Latin American countries prick up the contradiction of have and have-not, whereas the strength of polity and democracy improve the political conscious of the publics, which provide the weapons for the publics to protect their own powers. The publics demand the governments to reform and the conflicts of anti- new liberalism are more and more dramatically. Solving the problem of social inequality and stabilizing society is the crucial factor that can guarantee the democracy stably. Firstly, they must solve the social problems, to return the political democracy to the social democracy become the main topic of political development of Latin American after 90s of the 20th century."Polity democracy -society democracy-politics stability/society stability"forms a gemel which connects firmly and circularly. The political development of the Five Countries of Latin American also comply this logic. Under the restriction of this path, the Five Countries of Latin American change the democracy and polity structure gradually from constitution to concrete political institution including amending constitution, reforming voting institution, consummate the relation of state power, harmonize the relationship between center and local, reform political and government institution and so on.Comparing the functions of the Five Countries of Latin American in promoting the equilibrium development, we are enlightened as following aspects: Firstly, the model of social equilibrium development cannot be formed in the spontaneous behaviors of the publics, which must be restricted and led by a serial of coercive institution arrangements and government must assume the responsibility of institution supplement. Secondly, governments not only provide institutional frames for the development of social equilibrium but also must guarantee these institutions in harmony. Besides, governments must improve the efficacy of institution and avoid the abrasion among these institutions. Thirdly, governments are the centers that provide institutional frame for the development of social equilibrium. The abilities of governments directly influence the fulfillment of the development of social equilibrium. Therefore, government must establish political systems in order to improve the ability of institution supplement. Firstly of all, governments must consummate the integrated decision-making mechanism of institution supplement. Governments propose definite demands in the scope of laws through relative apartments, the leader decision-making and programs in order to guarantee zoology protection, economy development and social equality to involve in relative development strategy in the stage of decision-making in order to make zoology, economy and society in harmony. Secondly, government should consummate the establishment system of political institution and make administration institution innovation. Macroscopically, government should rationally carve up the relationship between center and local in order to fulfill the division of powers, responsibilities and interests. Microcosmically, governments should divide the functions of decision-making, execution and monitor for the purpose that making the three in harmony. Thirdly, governments should restrict government powers and punish depravity. Besides, governments should reinforce the construction of democracy and law; consummate voting, party, Parliament, justice institutions, government institutions and so on; reinforce the strength of execution laws and establish law mode governments.