| Shangshui County, a poverty agriculture county in the province, which lies in the East-Henan plain, the middle reaches of Shahe River which is the Huaihe River's branch is under the jurisdiction of Zhoukou City, Henan Province now. On the one hand, the County which is crisscrossed by rivers and canals and the depressions connected to the lakes is easy to bring out floods; on the other hand, the Shahe River which runs through the north County is a floodway and easily lead to floods. Since the modem times, economic and civilization of Shangshui County is poverty and backwardness. Especially after 1911, the village politics is worsening day by day, economy is on the verge of broken, and the peasants' livelihood is difficult and miserable beyond description by the strike of floods, scourge of banditry in the Shangshui County.Shangshui County's history turned a new leaf in 1947. After the Liu-Deng army went down south, the Chinese Communist Parry has established the revolutionary political power in Shangshui County in December, 1947. From the very beginning, the new political power waged the intense military struggle and carried on the land reform at the same time. It wished that the armed struggle and the land reform could cause effective relationship: carried out the land reform forcefully by the military means and mobilized the populace through the land reform in order to better support military struggle and capture with the consolidated local organs of state power, to lay the successful foundation for the war of nationwide liberation, simultaneously, accomplished the whole task at one stroke - realized rural society order reconstructed. But, because of the military situation fluctuated and between the new political power and the village lacked the inside and outside interactive in the situation, the acute land reform was defeated. To derive the resources support urgent war from the village, the new political power has adopted a steadier method - - on the one hand, stopped land reform, reduced scope of attack, on the other hand, through levied grain taxes, the forward, by the military, politics, the economic means to attack old person in power influence in the village, eliminate its superiority politics, the economic resource, set up the communist party's authority of political power and depended upon the poor and landless peasants' activist, re-established and stabled the village's order. During this process, the new political power consciously avoided the political power's involution when it gone down to the basic unit to strengthen its validity and the authority, simultaneously, it also demonstrated the validity to integrates the village into the given goal by the military mobilization and the order's mold.At the beginning of 1949, the Shangshui County liberated throughout after the Huaihai campaign, the communist party-new political power began to reconstruct the Shangshui County village overall. Firstly, the new political power eliminated the bandits, attacked the bully and criticized their property, then changed to reduce the rent rate that the stage was continuance before the land reform in October, 1950. In this stage, the work teams were dispatched by the higher authority to enter the villages, depended upon the poor and landless peasants, established or transformed the village political power, the poor peasants' association, the sisters' association, the children's corps, the militiamen, developed the communist party and the youth league. Usually, they started their work from the key village firstly, and then expanded from one point to entire area gradually. The work was the first step that the external force constructed the rural society order forcefully, was also the new liberated area land reform's first stage by which the poor populace was mobilized preliminarily in the benefit's induction and under the external force's impetus, so that, the old person in power and the outstanding person were overthrown, poor and landless peasant's political superiority was set up, the new elite groups begun to emerge in the villages and the brand-new ethics and morals entered in the villages.After eliminated the village's old authorities by the military means and established the interactive relations between the villages and the party-state, in October, 1950, the party committee of Shangshui County organized the special land reform work teams to enter the villages, mobilized the populace to complain to the landlord, to struggle and distributes their land. Then, through reorganization the revolutionary ranks, the division social class, landlord's land, domestic animals, the grain, the farm tool and so on what so-called five big properties as well as rich farmer's part of land was levied and assigned to the poor and landless peasants. Although the landlord and rich farmer hold the land not many, and the degree of centralization of land was not high, but the land reform solutes the rural society's key question that is the impoverished social stratum's survival question after all at that time. Thus, the new political power obtained the impoverished social stratum's high approval, from them a large quantity of activists emerged, accomplished a benefit social stratum which had the high dependent to the party-state under the benefit induction. In September, 1951, the party committee of Shangshui County developed a land reform reexamination, a movement to establish the basic unit government democratically, the close investigation of the village's situation after the land reform, reorganization the village's political power organization, and shifted gradually the political power to the party's basic unit, it intended to the consolidated land reform achievement and established the village's new order.In involved in the village's all person's in the social order change for the land reform movement, each man who had experience of it would have their feeling and understanding so that the villagers' aspiration may be explained from the rumor case which could be found in the county area governments' and work teams' work report and the backwardness' words and deeds and the all walks of life representative's proposals in the Shangshui County Representative assembly. Obviously, facing the transformation, these different expresses not only stemmed from the success and failure differently and the anticipation differently, but also from the national official system and the folk unofficial system's conflict, the local order and the national order conflict as well as local culture and the emerging mainstream cultural conflict, from the reality's low productive forces and fanner's urgent material life demand's contradiction, and so on.Through eliminated the bandits, attacked the bully and criticized their property, implemented the land reform, the suppressed counter revolutionaries, the party-state comprehensive controlled the village, constructed the village's order by its formidable military, political and ideology pressure. On the political power structure, the Shangshui County implemented the county, the Qu, the Xiang, the village 4 levels of management like other area of the nation basically in early days of liberation, namely the party-state realized the political power, the political organization, the administration to go to the village successfully—the party-state took the organization of communist party and the youth league as the village's basic unit authority center, discovered the activists from the movement, replaced the cadres on the name of the reorganization or the becoming the chaste organization's name, completed the main task by the way of movement, simultaneously, the main tasks were carried on the widespread thorough propaganda. In brief, the party-state implemented each main task and the social reform enterprise through one kind of the movement - order model by mobilization the populace to participate in.The party-state had constructed the village order, lived the basic safeguard and the relatively superior political status for former impoverished social stratum. Speaking of the current economic condition, the village became a small homogenization's farmer's society, the farmer was in the same level economic level and the chance of survival was equal basically after the land reform. It is believed that the party-state had given stability and vitality to the collapsing village which is under incisive condition of the contradictory of population - cultivated land. But in the course of the process of the party-state restructured the village's order, the large-scale resources was derived and the flood was also endangering peasant's household, production and life at the same time, on the one hand, it brought the direct limit for the government derived resources in the village, on the other hand, the peasants could not resist the disaster and need national help to relief disaster, to provide loan, the seed and so on.Facing the reality of the impoverished village, the party-state had highlighted the behavior's orientation that political method solved the economic problem and the social question in the social management. On the one hand, the party-state used its Basic-level organization's strength to involve the production activity positively, not only promoted the mutual cooperation that it would be advantageous to the impoverished social stratum vigorously, moreover provided agricultural loan, advocated the new technology, the positive organized the peasants to trench and drain water and repair stream bank and so on, to promote the agricultural production development, to avoid or to reduce the loss which the disaster destroyed. On the other hand, facing years of successive disaster which is a historical difficult problem, the party-state adopted the brand-new way to deal with the disaster and famine on the condition of the productive forces level as before and the village order restructuring foundation: beside the essential relief, the party-state led the populace to develop a production and disaster relief movement and the party-state deal with the famine successfully by its unification and formidable mobilization ability.Under the revolutionary background, the revolutions that occurred in the villages had minor difference, moreover this kind of revolution also was the party-state restructured the village's order preliminarily, but the revolutionary intrinsic logic would promote the village revolution thoroughly inevitably step by step under the party-state's mobilization model based on it.
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