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On The Operation And Controlling Of The Civil-Service Examination Authority In China

Posted on:2009-03-30Degree:DoctorType:Dissertation
Country:ChinaCandidate:W C WangFull Text:PDF
GTID:1116360272958156Subject:National Governance and examination system
Abstract/Summary:PDF Full Text Request
Examination authority is the fundamental problem of civil-service examination. The normal operation of civil-service examination authority is not only the requirement of observing the "openness, equality, preference" principles during the examinations, but also the essential requirement of selecting the talents objectively and justly. It can also practice the standard of selecting officials who have both a good character and professional competence so that to improve the state governing efficiency. Influenced by the political, economic and cultural factors during the transformation period, the government centralized the policy-making authority, performance authority and supervision authority of the civil-service examination, which restricted the performance of civil-service examination authority. However, in academic circles, the researches on this problem over-focused on the level of hiring system instead of civil-service examination authority. Due to this, present paper takes the civil-service examination authority of modern China and makes a deep system analysis on the factors why the civil-service examination operated abnormally in China and makes an effort to seek the way to reconstruct the system based on the principles of both macroscopy and microscopy.Civil-service examination authority can be termed as a qualification and power which the examination subjects own according to the law during the national examination activities. In the process when this authority operates, the decision-making authority is exercised by the governmental charging department which deals with civil-service examination authority and has central position in examination authority. The execution authority is exercised by different organizations, while the superintendence is usually practiced by the representatives of discipline investigation, governmental competent department or related department. Constructed on the basis of impartiality, civil-service examination authority has such values and function as enforcing state will, improving social justice, optimizing official structure, promoting government efficiency, controlling official quality, avoiding favoritism and corruption, promoting social mobility and maintaining social stability. Form the historical research on civil-service examination authority, we can find that together with the reasonable core of imperial examinations is spreading to east and west, China civil-service examination authority has experiences a rather long historical progression, among which there are not only the spirit of imperial examinations and the criticism and succession of Sun Ya-sen's thoughts about the independency of examination authority, but also the borrow and creation of western civilian examination system, especially the strong base of modern China official hiring system after opening to the outside world. The promulgation and enforcement of Civil Servant Law marked that civil-service examination authority has established after germination and exploration periods and stepped into a developing and perfecting period.Government is the subject of enacting the civil-service examination authority and the provider of civil-service examination system at the same time. Therefore, the systematic analysis on the abnormal operation of civil-service examination authority must begin with the analysis on the governmental behavior. The first one is the internal intensity of duality of government functions. Government has the double function: political governing and social management and service. Under modern constitutional monarchy system, every governing group which aims at strengthening the legal basis of dominance order always tries its best to make people that the present order is the manifestation of public will or public interest and unified the two functions. However, restricted by the class nature, the enforcement of governmental public function and the offer of public service must be based on the condition that the governing group's interest is not harmed and the present governing order is not changed. The internal intensity of government function duality makes the real requirement of justice is superior to the internal pursuit of content scientific, so that the model of China civil-service examination is very single, the questions' quality of written examination and interview is out of control and the function of civil-service examination authority cannot play. Secondly is the crash between government behavior's self-profitability and publicity. As an comparatively independent body, local government makes an effort to pursuit the maximization of the government internal effect and the interest, which caused its behavior departure the maximization of the national interest. As the subject of civil-service examination authority, the self-profitability of the government behavior is mainly manifested by the random setup of the signing qualification, the confusion of examiner and the examination organizer, deprivation of the candidates' privities in name of confidentiality, the violation of the legal examinational rights, charging recklessly, the disappearance of examination expense and even the appearance of the fraud scandals about the exminationer. The third one is the government commission and deputization problem. The main manifestation of this problem is the unbalance between the commissioner and the agent. Their roles and position are inverted. In civil-service examination, all of the enforcing condition of examination authority such as the choice of the examining content, the setup of the subjects, the quality of the written examination and interview and the setup of examination procedure and so on is related with commission-deputization problem. The fourth one is the omission of government examiner competence. Influenced by all-around type thinking, the government monopolizes all the authorities in civil-service examination, from design to execute to supervise. To the real requirement of the specialization, technicalization and modernization of civil-service examination, the administration-organize- civil-service-examination-model has problems. And it kills the development of examination service mechanism under market mechanism system, which leads to the promotion of civil-service examination lack of external motivation.The operation of civil-service examination authority cannot be separated from certain social circumstances, but over-dependent on social circumstances will restrict its operation. Economical conditions' influence on civil-service examination authority first reflected on the transmutation of the relationship between market economics and examination. The relationship between the government as the examinationer and the candidates should be governor and service, but now it is changed into economic interest relation. Examination becomes an national means for people to pursuit economic interest, which directly leads to the alienation of the final aim of civil-service examination authority, and also leads to the alienation of the equality spirit. Under this circumstance, the civilian position becomes a kind of commodity which is influenced by supply-demand relation. It can not only affect the normality of the operation of civil-service examination authority, but more seriously, may cause directional error to some individual criterion in the civilian group. Under political circumstances, the negative influence of traditional political thoughts, familism and kinship in duality system offer favourable excuses for the corruption behavior in civil-service examination, which causes the unhealthy tendency such as "black case work" spread in some areas. In cultural field, the civil-service examination impulse aroused by the thought like "a good scholar can become an official", the employment pressure resulted from higher education popularization caused a very strong impulse of college graduates to take part in the civil-service examination. The two impulses gathered make the final value of the operation of civil-service examination authority retreat to the high education employment "reservoir". The individual "rational choice" of the candidates and the "ideal choice" of the state holding civil-service examination cashed strongly. In the circumstances of ruling by the law, the problems such as the omission of legislation, law enforcement and managerialism related to civil-service examination is worsening in the "acquaintance society". In this way, the operation of civil-service examination authority can be guaranteed legally and the civil-service examination authority has become a new carrier for power.The solution of the above problems needs not only the transform of the operation of civil-service examination authority but also the scientific control of it. Rooting in China native characteristics and borrowing the experience from western developed countries, the way to cover the flaw of civil-service examination authority operation system in the transformation period is to reconstruct its operation system, control the designing authority, performance authority and marking authority of civil-service examination authority and remedy the candidates' rights effectively. In system reconstruction, the department in charge of civil-service examination should transfer its function to separate "steerage" and "oarage" systematically and deal with the relationship between the department and the examination center properly. In organization construction, the realization of the separation must introduce a third department theory. We should cultivate social examination organization according to "polycentrism" thoughts, and form sufficient, benign competition pattern and promote the quality of examination continually. The realization of this system transformation and the power division of civil-service examination authority operation must constructed on the political logic such as limitation, legality, democracy and responsibility and progressed according to the four principles, that is, humanism, controlling, difference and responsibility.
Keywords/Search Tags:the system of civil-service examination, examination authority, governmental treatment, authority control, system reconstruction
PDF Full Text Request
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