| The State Duma of the early 20th century is the important historical phenomenon of Russian social transition, its study will helps us understand more clearly the traces of Russia's historical development. Therefore, the scholars of Russia State Duma have been concerned about the issue. China research on this issue has just begun. With a new perspective, this paper begins with the relationship of the Tsar, the Tsar's government and the State Duma to analysis the State Duma in the whole power system's status and role.This paper is divided into four chapters:The first chapter, through the analysis of Tsar Nicholas II issuing a series of statutes in the establishment of the State Duma, we can conclude that the Tsar is a stubborn defender of autocracy, he allowed the establishment of the State Duma, it is helpless in case of expediency.In the early 20th century in the background of economic crisis worldwide, the Russian economic declined, social suffered unrest, the revolutionary movement of workers and peasants surged in Russia, Liberal Thought be widely spread, especially the frequent loss of the Russo-Japanese War, in Russia, the upper and lower generally agreed that reform of the system is imperative.The new Minister of the Interior Mirsky proposed the draft "perfect order of the state edict," on December 12, 1904 and this draft for the first time publicly revealed the necessary of establishing a representative offices in Russia, but the end was firmly opposed by the Tsar, the proposal finally were removed from this edict of the final text. With the further deterioration of the domestic situation, the Tsar had to sign the "edict of February 18," on February 18, 1905 and agreed to the establishment of representative institutions, the Russian autocracy beginning to loosen. But the Tsar launched a policy of procrastination on the matter and attempt to make it shelved. However, it did not, the situation become more and more unfavorable to the Tsar. The same year, August 6, the Tsar promulgated " the edict of establishing the Duma," at the same time, " the Constitution of the State Duma " and "the State Duma Election Regulations"were issued too. These established a representative institution of the prototype of the future of Russia in the whole. The Tsar Continue to adopt a policy of procrastination, next, Russian broke out a nationwide strike on the October 17, the Tsar was forced to sign a "Declaration of rectifying national order", that is, "October 17 Declaration" which announced the gift of national freedom, and agreed to the State Duma has legislative power. It should be said that the declaration is the greatest achievement of the Russian Revolution which happened in 1905. The failure of an armed uprising in Moscow in December, the Russian revolution at a low ebb, sand these made the Tsar began to launch counterattack. February 20, 1906, the Tsar signed"the modification of State Council regulations and statute of the State Duma a retrial,"the same day also issued a "State Council on the Amendments to the Constitution" and the new "Constitution of the State Duma," the royal decree. The essence of these documents is to further restrict the powers of the Duma by creating loyal to the Tsar's cabinet meeting. April 23, 1906, the Tsar promulgated a new version of the Czar national"the fundamental law." In this law, the Tsar's many privileges were included, and it clearly ruled that the State Duma has no right to revise "the fundamental law". From the above preparatory process for the establishment of the State Duma we can see that the establishment of the State Duma is very reluctant for the Tsar.After the establishment and operation of the Duma, the Tsar instructed the Cabinet of Ministers and the government to severely restrict and control the State Duma. When the revolutionary mood among the population, some of the powers were empowered to the state Duma, once the situation is somewhat stable, pressure on the increasingly crowding the Duma, until it is dissolved.The second chapter analyzes the realization of national executive authority of the government and the achievement of national legislative power in the relationship between the Duma. The State Duma had existed for 11 years; During this period the Tsar had changed the President of Council of Ministers for 8 times. Between the Government and the Duma, although there is cooperation, but the struggle is still the major part.From the government point of view. The first session of the Witte was appointed in 1905 when the government endured the revolution, whose main task is to quell the revolution, to appease all kinds of social forces, to stabilize the situations in the country. He held the slogan "non-interference" but launched"government terror" policy, To combat left-wing organizations. After successor Goremykin taking the office, he boycotted the State Duma and refused to communicate with the Duma, and eventually encouraged the Tsar to dissolve the first session of the State Duma. Stolypin and then his successor, said they would work in cooperation with the State Duma, but it required the State Duma to support his policy of reformation. The third State Duma under the government's "leadership" to realize the cooperation. The fourth President of the Council of Ministers ----Kokovtsov, at the initial stage of its work still implemented Stolypin's policy, but later attacked by the extreme right and left factions, and ultimately break up with the State Duma. The 5th President Goremykin comeback, still, as before, continue to defend the despotic system, for all kinds of excuses deprivation and restrictions on powers of the Duma. The next three Council of Ministers Chairman, continue to boycott the Duma and launch exclusion policies.The Government has adopted many measures to intervene and control the State Duma, after 63 coup, the issuing of new electoral law is the best proof of this. The new electoral law reduced the number of electoral districts, limited the representative seats of the workers, peasants and urban petty bourgeoisie, completely it changed the formation of third State Duma representatives. In addition, the Government also passed the resolution of the elimination of candidates qualification,parties that support the pro-government, as well as lobbying and other means to interfere with the election canvassing. The working process in the Duma, the Government strictly control the sources of information of the Duma, even at the cost using various spy means to collect any information of the Duma ,to the time of the President of the Council of Ministers changing,The Government is constantly threatened Duma with the dissolution. From the perspective of the State Duma. The State Duma also used the rights of question authority and power to approve the budget of the government's work to influence the struggle. The first session of the State Duma, although existed for only a short time of 72 days, but questioned to the Government was as high as 391 times, 5 times per day, involving the content of these, such as hunger, land, capital punishment, amnesty, human rights and other major social problems. While these din not get too much substantive results, it showed the initial intervention and supervision of posture Duma, it was enough to make the Government feel difficult and disturbed. Duma deputies was a gradual accumulation of experience in the struggle, to the third session of state Duma, the Committee has become the Interim Committee of the Standing Committee the from the original question Committee, which often aimed at government officials on a number of acute social problems. For example: to question "Russian People's Union" in collaboration with the Government teamed and the formed the fighting guards terrorist organization; to question Azef espionage case, although the Duma finally accepted the Government's explanation, the whole process made Stolypin bruised and battered; question "Lena massacre" which shocked the whole world, in support of the community, and eventually forced the government to make concessions, and win, and so on. The Fourth State Duma was also questioned on the Government's Duma election process violations, arrests of Victoria Dittmer high middle school students. In the use of the question right, Duma is also engaged in the struggle with the government for the Budget. For example, the 1914 "budget wars," Duma with the revised budget proposal of cutting loans to protest agaist the government. Overall, therefore, the Duma has already started to become a major restrict force to the government.Chapter III, using the newly discovered material, focused on analyzing the age structure, occupation, social class, educational level, political affiliation of the successive representatives, etc. showing that main parties characteristics in the Duma, and the whole development trend of the State Duma .First, from the aspect of age, the average age of four Duma increased year by year. 31-50 age group from the first session of the State Duma on behalf of 78% to 74% in the second session of the Duma, the third Duma, 68.4% has been dropped to 65% in the fourth Duma. The number of the young people who were not old as 30 had also been declining. On the contrary, The number of the people who was older than 50, in the first session of the Duma, the representatives of 15% to 30% in the fourth Duma. Overall, the Duma presented "Aging" trends.Second, from the aspect of education, the Duma representatives in higher education from the first session, second session of the Duma, 42% and 36% to the third and fourth Duma, 48% and 51% it showed that the Duma representatives'educational level was in raising, the working potential was great.Third, from the aspect of professional, representatives of the professions from the humanities accounted for 18.8% of the first session of the Duma, to account for the second session of the Duma, 14.9%, to third, fourth Duma, 18.9% and 24.5%. The military professional and the professional representation of theology also showed up the trend. This shows that the Duma representatives of the professions engaged in the dominant culture, while the representatives of the natural sciences account for disadvantage. Fourth, in terms of social class, the nobility from the first session of the Duma on behalf of 37% in the second session of the Duma in the 28% to third, fourth Duma in 50% and 54%, showing a growing trend. The farmers which accounted for majority of Russia's population, in the Duma has been declined from 46% in the first session of the Duma and eventually dropped to 20% in the fourth Duma. Proportion of religious representative in the Duma, also on the rise, from 3% in the first session of the Duma, increased to 12% in the fourth Duma. So, third, fourth Duma of the Russian elite representatives of a majority, which determines the Duma will not be a radical means to the Tsar autocracy.Fifth, in terms of religious sect, most of the representatives of previous Duma belive Orthodox, and showing a gradual upward trend in the proportion of it, from the first session of the Duma, 76%, increased to 87.5% of the fourth Duma. This shows that Duma continually squeezed barbarianSixth, in the aspect of party property, the Constitutional Democratic Party representatives from the first session of the Duma and the second session of the Duma, 33.1% and 20.6% in the third, fourth Duma, 12.2% and 13.0%, and lost the central position in the two previous State Duma. The proportion of Labor Party was 19.8% from 19.6%, down 2.7% and 2.3%. On the contrary, the October party from the first session of the revolutionaries, and the second session of the Duma, 6.3%, 5.9%, to third, fourth Duma in 35.1 and 22.1%, becoming an important force in the Duma. Right-wing forces from the second session of the Duma in the 9.8% to 11.5% after the two Duma and 14.8%.This is the third and fourth Duma formed right - the party in October and in October the party - the Constitutional Democratic Party, the two centers. Therefore, the Duma in the Constitutional Democratic Party has always been a very important force, Labor Party lost its major party status, the latter two representatives of the Duma are mostly moderates and conservatives, and their conservative nature of the decision of its co-operation with the Tsar, their weakness to determine its inevitable dissolution of doom.Chapter IV, through the analysis of the State Duma engaged in legislative activities under the Tsar government's limitation, analyze the State Duma as a legislative certain.First of all, the State Duma passed a large number of draft legislation, but mostly known as the "spaghetti" in the draft secondary. Only a third of the State Duma, the Government submitted a total of more than 2,500 copies of the draft legislation, the State Duma will have 2346 copies of the draft, at last approved by Tsar and entried into force were 2197 copies. In the previous two annual meetings of the fourth State Duma, the government submitted to the Duma, 1096 copies were 927 copies respectively, and the draft was finally approved by the State Duma and the Tsar, but was given legal effect were 384 copies of the draft and 564. Although the Duma passed a draft law in the thousands, the most adoption of the draft is about the land, local self-government, procedures, people's education and other issues, the lack of a significant change Russia's national system of draft legislation.Second, the State Duma use the power of legislative initiative actively. Duma in the 11 years of its existence handed in many issues about land issues, human rights, local self-government issues, social education, as well as the monetary system reform, expansion of the power of the Duma. The drafts reflected the true legislative intent of the Duma. The first session of the State Duma on the motion submitted 162 copies of the draft, the second session of the State Duma, 44, third, fourth State Duma, the draft legislation has moved many of which are previous of "heritage." In these proposals, in particular, were major issues in the Cabinet of Ministers rejected the proposal, only few were passed, local secondary issues on the draft was adopted.Therefore, the State Duma was a limited role in the legislation, but their work experience in the course can not be overlooked.In short, in the early 20th century, the establishment and operation of the State Duma had played a certain role, marking Russia's autocratic regime changed, but in the whole state power system, the power of the Tsar was still dominant. The fate of repeated dissolution of the State Duma is the evidence. This study also help us understand the Russian system of government at the time. In political circles, it is quite controversial about the definition of the dual system of polity, I think that is basically the dual monarchy system of government.
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