A Study On The Relationship Between Mongolia And Russia In The Early 21^st Century

After the disintegration of the Soviet Union,major changes have taken place in the international pattern.Mongolia have established peace,cooperation and multi-fulcrum foreign policy,proceeding from its geopolitical reality and adapting to the changes in the international situation and the trend of development of the times.Russia is an important priority in Mongolia's diplomatic structure.Mongolia and Russia have established a strategic partnership.Mongolia and Russia are China's neighbors,and thus,the development of the Mongolia-Russia relationship has an important impact on the sovereignty of China,and its security and development interests.Mongolia and Russia are important partners in the construction of China's "Belt and Road" initiative,and the construction of the China-Mongolia-Russia economic corridor is a regional cooperation on the basis of China's initiative.Research on Mongolia-Russia relations in the 21 st century have great theoretical and practical significance for examining and grasping the developments and changes of international relations in Northeast Asia,formulating and implementing China's peripheral foreign policy,and developing the good-neighborly,friendly,mutually beneficial and cooperative relations between China,Mongolia and Russia,as well as promoting the construction of the “Belt and Road” initiative and regional cooperation.This dissertation applies geopolitical theories and methods based on the strategic perspectives of the development and change of international relations in the 21 st century,deeply analyzes the evolutions of Mongolia's foreign policy,and systematically and comprehensively studies the development of political,economic and military relations between Mongolia and Russia.The prospects of Mongolian-Russian relations and the construction of China-Mongolia-Russia economic corridor are prospected and discussed.The dissertation is divided into five chapters.The contents of each chapter are summarized as follows.Chapter one: The Change in Geo-Political Environment and the Choice of Foreign Policy in Mongolia.This chapter mainly analyzes the formation and evolution of Mongolia's multi-fulcrum foreign policy.The disintegration of the Soviet Union and the end of the cold war brought fundamental changes to the geopolitical environment and international relations in which Mongolia was located.The bipolar pattern between the United States and the Soviet Union has ended,and peace and development have become the theme in recent times.The world has presented a trend of international multipolarization and economic globalization.As a result of the disintegration of the Soviet Union and the drastic changes in Eastern Europe,the geopolitical structure of Eurasia has undergone profound changes and reconstructions.Proceeding from the new international relations and geopolitical realities,Mongolia regards safeguarding national interests as its primary strategic goal and determines "peace,cooperation and multi-fulcrum" foreign policy.Mongolia actively develops relations with China and Russia,and relations with the " third neighboring countries" and the regions of world's developed countries.The relations with China and Russia are Mongolia's foreign policy priority.Chapter two: The Political Relations between Mongolia and Russia.This chapter mainly studies the evolution and development of the political relations between Mongolia and Russia.The political relations between Mongolia and Russia experienced the process of a stagnation,recovery and development after the disintegration of the Soviet Union.Mongolia and Russia have abandoned the policy of alliance and are no longer traditional political and military allies.However,the Mongolian-Russian relations have its particularity,because of the geopolitical reality of Mongolia and Russia as neighbors,as well as the historical political,economic,military and cultural ties.Mongolia's important position in Russia's geo-strategy,Mongolia's rich natural resources,Russia's traditional advantages in important economic sectors of Mongolia,indicate that Russia attaches great importance to the development of Russian-Mongolian relations.Mongolia and Russia signed a new “Treaty of Friendship,and Cooperation”,which is of equal and mutual benefit.A new type of political relationship has been established on the basis of mutually beneficial cooperation and other principles.Mongolia and Russia have announced the establishment of a strategic partnership,and the leaders and high-level exchanges of the two countries have been very close,which have enabled the development of political relations between Mongolia and Russia actively and steadily.Chapter three: The economic and trade relations between Mongolia and Russia.This chapter mainly studies the development of economic and trade relations between Mongolia and Russia and cooperation in the field of investment.Mongolia and Russia are important economic and trade partners.Due to the influence of history,geography,politics,economy and culture,Mongolia and Russia maintain close economic and trade relations.The economic and trade relations between Mongolia and Russia are complementary,and the trade in energy and mineral resources is the basis of the economic and trade relations between Mongolia and Russia.Investment cooperation between Mongolia and Russia is also mainly focused on mineral resources development and railway infrastructure construction.The economic and trade relations between Mongolia and Russia have experienced many shocks and fluctuations.As a result of the global financial and economic crisis in 2008,the crisis in Ukraine in 2013 and western sanctions,as well as the fall in international oil prices,the volume of trade between Mongolia and Russia was seriously reduced,and investment stalled.In 2017,as Russia emerged from its economic predicament,trade and investment between Mongolia and Russia showed a growing and dynamic trend.Chapter four: the military relations between Mongolia and Russia.This chapter mainly studies the development and cooperation of the military relations between Mongolia and Russia.The military relationship between Mongolia and Russia has its historical inheritance,and the dependence of Mongolia on Russian military equipment determines the special military relationship between the two countries.Since the 21 st century,Mongolia and Russia have frequently exchanged visits through high-level military departments on the basis of the principle of military mutual trust and cooperation.The leaders of the border garrison have also shown close exchanges.Mongolia and Russia have launched practical cooperation in areas such as weapons and equipment support,maintenance of military facilities,training of military personnel,military technical exchanges,joint anti-terrorist military exercises,and patrols along the border.The border departments of the two countries have actively cooperated in strengthening trust,maintaining order in border areas,cracking down on transnational crime,and cracking down on terrorism,separatism and extremism.Chapter five: Prospects for the Development of Mongolian-Russian Relations and Cooperation between China,Mongolia and Russia.This chapter mainly analyzes the influencing factors and prospects of the development of Mongolian-Russian relations,and discusses the influence on China in Mongolian-Russian relations,and the construction of China-Mongolia-Russia economic corridor.Mongolia has implemented "Third Neighboring Country" diplomacy and actively developed relations with the United States and Europe.However,Mongolia has not changed its national policy of peace,neutrality and non-alignment,and Russia is an important priority in Mongolia's multi-fulcrum diplomatic pattern.The close political,economic,historical,ethnic and cultural relations between Mongolia and Russia have laid a solid foundation for the development of political relations between the two countries.There is imbalance in economic and trade relations between Mongolia and Russia,which results in Mongolia's huge trade deficit and heavy dependence on Russian energy.Economic and trade relations between Mongolia and Russia experienced a severe contraction due to external factors such as falling international oil prices and international sanctions.However,trade and investment cooperation between the two countries have come back to life as the Russian economy returned to growth in 2017.The stable political and economic development of Mongolia and Russia has provided China with a peaceful and stable surrounding environment.It has also created conditions for China to develop bilateral and multilateral cooperation with Mongolia and Russia.Promoting the construction of the China-Mongolia-Russia economic corridor will create a broad space for development of the three countries' cooperation under the framework of the "Belt and Road” initiative.It has not only deepened economic cooperation among the three countries,but also enhanced political mutual trust and the development of good-neighborly relations among them.