Endangered Homes

In today's China, strong desire for pursuing profits is widely influencing and shaping people's behavior, economic rationality has made the richness of life meaning simplify to be the only economic strategy. The rural communities with profound traditional and stable social structure is increasingly appearing spirit withering and basic collapsed signs.Based on the field-work materials and historical documents, by the means and theories of anthropology, ethnology and sociology, this paper describes and analyzes the social life of the Tujia community and its changed facts in Baifusi. Placing Baifusi Tujia community on the backdrop of macroscopic history and modernization and combining diachronic with synchronic, macroscopic research with microscopic research, qualitative research with quantitative research, the writer analyses the problems existing in the process of industrialization and urbanization of Baifusi Tujia rural community, such as population structure imbalance, community depressing, difficulty marriage and marriage fragile, family solutions group, education, medical security deficiencies, national culture passing and so on. Based on above, some considerations and suggestions are given on how to rebuild rural communities and promote the conprehensive, fair and harmonious development between urban and rural.The paper is divided into ten chapters:Chapter One expounds topic selection, its origin, significance, the related research trends, main theoretical reflection and research methods.Chapter Two describes the investigated place-Baifusi community of Laifeng county in Hubei province from the macroscopic background, that is, geographical location, ecological environment, natural resources, historical evolution and administrative districts and customs, literary and cultural relics in traditional cultural traits, and shows the typical and representative note of Baifusi community in Wuling Mountains.Chapter Three describes and analyses the process of demographic transition and the structure of age, gender, vocational, education of the modern population in Baifusi, and family planning. Analysis can be indicated that the community of the population sex ratio is in imbalance, population age composition support involves in the low level, but enough labor, future population growth change to stable type, aging intensifies, professional differentiation degree is still low, and the community agricultural population still accounts for absolute advantage. Education level concentrated in junior high school cultural degree, illiteracy and semiliterate will be gradually eliminated, but Education degree above high school is still low, and women is less than men. The long-term compulsory execution of the family planning policy to the villagers brought some new changes in their attitude, and their opinions on family planning tend to be individually rational calculated.Chapter Four describes that under the background of industrialization and urbanization, a large number of rural labors flow out, community human resources are drying, effective human resource farming labors are short, pastoral desolate is in the depressed situation. Analysis indicates that the current rural community depressed owing to three reasons:firstly, the efficiency of agricultural production is low and farmers'income is low, but in city workers gain high-income quickly. In this kind of comparative advantage, driven by farmers reversal aggravating, anaerobic farming mood, more and more farmer family go out, even some villages emerged heave village, the result leads to the phenomenon of massive land are deserted with no one to farm. Thus, Village communities are increasing dilapidated, depressed. The second is that rural market dysplasia, agricultural products failing to enter the market. The third is that income distribution disparities between agriculture and non-agricultural, rural and urban stops people from cherish land. Land is no longer farmers'favorite. Agriculture and rural areas have lost its'past charming and attraction.Chapter Five picks up the marriage rules, marriage methods, the scope and standards to choose marriage, the marriage ceremony, marriage pay and the current marital status to discuss Tujia marriage evolution in Baifusi:traditional marriage rules are gradually being broken, and marriage autonomy increases; Marriage operated by way of established "their parents'orders, by matchmakers'help" package type to free love of independent pattern changes:Mating regional scope of widening, and cross-national marriage rate unprecedentedly grows; The standard of choosing a spouse is changed from paying attention to personal character toward personal talents and development capabilities. Particularly, women's standard of choosing a spouse is more hasten utilitarian, they pay more attention to the man's potential development and personal economic strength, namely the ability of making money. The marriage ceremony increasingly simplifies, that is to say, marriage ceremony is shorten and its' function is weakening or disappear. Marriage pay surge ahead, exceeding local income level of bearing capacity; Marriage difficulty, to older woman is "marry difficult, difficult to marry", to older men is "marry a wife difficult, difficult to marry a wife;" Fragile marriage, the increasing divorce rate has threatened the stability of marriage, family and even the whole society.Chapter Six chooses the family structure, family relationship, family pension to explore Tujia community family conditions in Baifusi. In terms of family structure, the average family's population of Baifusi is quite few, the family size has been on a narrow trend, family structure by core family dominated has changed to empty nester family dominant, and most families is divided and uncompleted in most time of a year. In terms of family relationship, there is a general fact that the authority and status of old man in the family is in a declined trend, and traditional patriarchy tended to become disintegrated, the status of husband and wife's relationship is unprecedentedly enhanced, while parental relationship, family relationship shifts from the longitudinal relationship to horizontal relationship. In terms of family pension, Tujia people have tradition to take care of parents, but in reality the problems of "lost raise" and "lost filial piety" are more widespread. The economic support level is low, life care is missing, most old people can't draw their children's attention, and enjoy "happiness", "ultimate care" for many old people also become unreachable things.Chapter Seven reviews the history of Tujia funeral type, describes the process of tujia funeral activities instrument, and analyzes the continuation and change of Tujia funeral. And result can be concluded that Tujia funeral activities in Bafusi is filled with warm humane and ethical color, possessing the function of cultural reproduction. People participate grand funeral rites, sending their social members off, but also through this etiquette process to inspect, urge, and encourage social members supporting the old, and sets up the filial piety. But with the development of market economy, the urbanization to speed up, a large number of rural population constantly flow out of Tujia villages. Funeral activities from bereave preparation and mourning agenda, funeral rites device duration, and people attend funeral rites are varied significantly. The outstanding cultural factors from traditional funeral activities vanish gradually and memorable, mainly exhibiting in three aspects:firstly, the funeral rites function to close neighborhoods'relationship and social conformity is weakening; secondly, the filial consciousness of funeral custom is decreasing, and its interest trend is gradually strengthened; thirdly, tujia traditional funeral performance ceremony almost extinct, optimistic attitude toward life in today's funeral activities already cannot completely express, traditional culture factor has gradually lost and deserted.Chapter Eight describes and analyzes the status of Tujia family education and school education in Baifusi. The outstanding characteristics of Tujia family education in Baifusi is that it emphasizes on personal character and gratitude, which is according with the traditional moral principles. But in recent years, due to the most families in most time of a year is divided and uncompleted, family education, the powerful value inheritance link becomes weak or broken finally. The rise and development of Tujia school education in Baifusi make great contribution to promote the improvement of humanistic quality and social culture development. But in today's rural schools layout construction adjustment, the blindness to pursue scale performance and impractical cancel the village schools has caused many problems, such as rural children school costs rise, burdening peasants and rural children's right of equal access to compulsory education being deprived of, the depression of rural communities, the disintegration of local culture and other problems.Chapter Nine describes and analyzes Tujia community medical security situation in Baifusi from five aspects,such as medical service supply, medical economic guarantee, the behavior of villagers going to see doctor and the related medical issues. The author holds, at present the medical security of Tujia community in Baifusi lack mainly in four aspects:first is that the villagers medical economic security level is low; second is the irrational distribution of medical institution, and it is inconvenient for the villagers to see a doctor; third is high-quality professional medical talents lack in medical institutions; The fourth is the new rural cooperative medical treatment fails to benefit the villagers; The fifth is a massive outflow of population impacts village health care and the traditional medicine's room is smaller and smaller.Chapter Ten is the conclusion of the paper. And the author consider "rural labor force transformation and rural urbanization" as dominated society development paradigm and national policy system, which mainly cause many problems in the process of industrialization and urbanization in rural communities. To promote social and economic sustainable development of the rural community, we must change the the dominant paradigm of society development, reconstruct rural communities and appropriately adjust the current family planning policy, break urban-rural dual structure system barriers, and walk the way of urban-rural coordinative, economic and culture fair development.