The Closed Open And Comprehensive Mode

Japanese teachers'pre-service training mode was formed in the mid-term of 19th century. In the following 100 years of development, it experienced two transformation processes of three modes, namely, the closed mode with normal schools as the carrier, the open mode with comprehensive universities as the carrier, and the comprehensive one with normal universities and other universities as the carrier. The three teachers'pre-service training modes are related closely to the development of economics and society, from which the law of development of the transformation can be drawn.Before the end of The Second World War, Japanese teachers'closed pre-service training mode is adopted in Japan. Since Meiji Restoration brought Japanese society great changes, modernized teachers are needed in large amount. In 1872, the first normal school is founded in Tokyo. Then Teacher Training School Law, Normal School Education Ordinance, and some other relative laws help the formation and development of Japanese teachers'closed pre-service training mode. After The Second World War, the new period of democratization has come. Because the requirements for teachers change, Japanese teachers'pre-service training mode transformed for the first time in history, from the closed mode to the open one of Japanese teachers'pre-service training, during which, all the normal schools were upgraded or merged into new comprehensive universities. This transformation overcame all the shortcomings of teachers'closed pre-service training mode in pre-war times because of objective factors, but brings new problems too.In mid and late 1950s, the Japanese -- American relation became better, Japan adjusted its economic and political development strategies. In order to fit the new political and economic changes, to improve the international status, and to satisfy the new requirements for teachers, Japanese teachers'pre-service training mode underwent the second transformation to the comprehensive mode. In this process, Japan adopted some measures such as setting specialized teachers'training organizations anew and reforms on the training of teachers of comprehensive universities, adjusted greatly the process of teachers'training, and realized the transformation of localization of teachers'pre-service training mode. Up to now, Japanese teachers'pre-service comprehensive training mode has been developing and improved gradually. The transformation from the open mode to the comprehensive one of Japanese teachers'pre-service training based on the objective needs of Japanese society and solved some problems of the open mode, but the comprehensive one also has some problems.In the process of transformation, Japanese teachers'pre-service training mode has accumulated experience and lessons. The research into the causes, process and characteristics of the training mode so as to make the whole development clear can offer some useful experience and lessons for the transformation of teachers'pre-service training mode in our country.