Regression And Revival

Revitalizing the Northeast old industrial base is never a kind of economic behavior, but also a kind of systematic behavior of social change and cultural transformation,in other words, the modern transformation of northeastern culture is the content and the motivation. However, in the process of exploring social transition of northern area, people always consider economic as it stands, and look for answers from tangible substance, and are deeply involved in the thinking if economic development to solve the hard problem of social immobility in the Northeast, are in favor of guiding the issue of thorough transformation with the idea of economic-center, and focus on formal institutions and economic factors like system, mechanism, fund, resource, talent and so on where people look for the reason for the regression of the Northeast and make a fuss. So, the non-institutional level of cultural factors, social factors and so on is ignored or not paid enough attention to, as a result, the Northeast old industrial base has a heavy historical burden and stagnant development, and are trapped into the odd circle of investment, transformation, conversion and adjustment.Let's review and explore the deep-seated causes of"the northeast phenomenon"and"the new northeast phenomenon", it's not hard to say that some problems cannot be ignored which include the retarding effects of system and mechanism; the atresia effects of bureaucracy-oriented standard; the short-board effects of the shortage of talents and the constraint effects of resource exhaustion, etc. Furthermore, we should also put much more attention to the thrust and resistance of the northeast culture in the economic and social transformation. Without advanced, massive and times-needed culture connotation, it will be difficult to realize the smooth transition and spanning development of economy and society in a region, and on the contrary, it may becomes a deep restrictive factor of the economic and social transformation and upgrading. And the deep accumulation of entrepreneurial culture in northeast migration has not been tapped, activated and utilized also being a secret reason which should not be ignored.Thus, jumping out of one-way logical on economic-center, we should involve space and time, history, culture dimensions into the thinking framework of social transformation in the Northeast. We need reacquaint the history and culture process of the revival of the Northeast, by improving the immigration entrepreneurship culture and revitalizing the spirit of the Northeast. This is the thinking framework and theory attention about this thesis.According to the phase characteristics about economic and social development, we can divide the generation, cultivation and evolution of entrepreneurship culture about the Northeast into three stages: the first stage, from 1860 to 1949, before the establishment of New China, is "survival-type" immigrant entrepreneurial culture; the second stage, from 1949 to reform and opening-up, the new Chinese planned economy period, is "mobilization model" immigrant entrepreneurial culture; the last stage is "development model" immigrant entrepreneurial culture under the socialist market economic system, since our country began reform and opening up 30 years ago.From the essence sense, immigration entrepreneurship which we call"braving the journey to Northeast"is a kind of survival and tragical movement which is happened spontaneously and unstopablly by poor peasants in dying. Whether based on the nation and government, or a large community in villages and families of the small community, these native social organizations can provide for immigrants due social protection and welfare support. So immigrants have to move away for venture, looking for another way to make a living. In other words, braving the venture inside Shanhaiguan Pass immigration is a sort of self-protective behavior that happened spontaneously by people under the background of national weakness and lax society.From the late Qing dynasty to the republic of China, the basic reason for Braving the journey to the Northeast immigrants'necessity entrepreneurship is social survival pressure at that time. Frequent occurrence of war, social chaos and livelihood pressure do not allow these immigrants to make a careful evaluation of the risk of the entrepreneurial process and choose the pros and cons of the Business way. Migration, inflow and rooting of the whole immigrants are all for solving the basic problems of survival, so these immigrants'entrepreneurial process is under the influence of uncertainties, such as the lack of information, showing both the pioneers of sense of adventure, but also full of kick the tires of opportunism. Therefore, immigrants'entrepreneurship field has a distinct survival characteristic in this period, and everything is with "alive" as the starting point.If"Braving the journey to the Northeast"immigration waves during the late Qing dynasty to the republic of China is a self-defense, protective act of"society"in the decline condition of"state" control system, then, after the new China is founded,"March the Great Northern Wilderness"under the planned economy system is a series of immigration construction movement with mobilization of national strength and mass passive participation.Several major features of immigrants'entrepreneurship are as follows: the locations of immigrant entrepreneurs were generally fixed, without any possibility of independent flow; the act of immigrant entrepreneurs was strictly controlled by the organizations they belonged to, instead of being a result of free choice; immigrant business proceeded in a collective form, and individuals were completely subordinated to their groups; immigrant entrepreneurs confronted with strong government intervention even in their private domains. The whole field of immigrant entrepreneurship was so distorted that it was already detached from its inherent nature of"entrepreneurship", and was immersed in a situation where the state oppressed society, politics overweighed economy, and the collective submerged individuals. Immigrant entrepreneurship was no longer a purely economic activity, but became a political act with obvious ideological influences. Immigrant entrepreneurship was in general passive, blind and unconscious.In the era of reform and opening-up, northeastern immigrant entrepreneurs have gained more opportunities and more autonomy. Within the limitations set by the policy, immigrant entrepreneurs can relatively autonomously choose where to start their business, where to seek business opportunities, which business project to launch and which means they use to conduct their business. In the context of a less strict social atmosphere and business environment, the immigrant entrepreneurs'enthusiasm and activity were brought into full play. At the premise of market discipline and personal choice, their employment and entrepreneurship are not totally chained down to the control of ideology and executive power.The formation and expansion of the field of immigrant entrepreneurship benefited greatly from the"flow of business resources"and"independent entrepreneurship space"set out by the reform. Furthermore, the immergence of the"flow of business resources"and"independent entrepreneurship space"is a result of the adjustment of the relationship between the state and society. And such adjustment will in turn further change this relationship, and it will especially weaken citizens'dependency on the state. In this sense, immigrant entrepreneurship no longer totally depend on the state and the government, but more on civil society and market discipline. The obvious autonomy of northeast immigrant entrepreneurship pulls itself closer to it nature of a business conduct.If the core of the"suivival type"immigrant entrepreneurial culture is"adventure", which emphasizes the courage and aggression;and if the key of the"mobilization type"immigrant entrepreneurial culture is"initiative", which stresses creation, devotion and collectivism; then the essense of the"developmental type"immigrant entrepreneurial culture is"newness", which emphasizes the market-led innovation and development. In some sense, the three different types of entrepreneurial cultures, in mutual conflicts and restrains, form the outline of northeast entrepreneurial culture and set the atmosphere and condition for northeast immigrant entrepreneurs. To form a new northeast regional entrepreneurial culture, the advantageous elements of all these three types of cultures must be revitalized and utilized.