Development Of Chinese Postdoctoral System

China makes remarkable economic achievements by reform and opening. There are many scholars want to know what happened in Chinese transition. To some extent, the evolution of public policy reflects basic institution changing path of a nation. So analysis public policy would help to understand and summarize the successful experience of Chinese transition. China established postdoctoral system in the mid-1980s, just at begin of its reform and opening. Closely related personnel system, science and technology system, and higher education system, Postdoctoral system provides a typical sample for analyzing changing of Chinese public policy in Transition period.Postdoctoral system is a new talents cultivating system, which born in the macro context of the industrial revolution and the science and technology revolution. The gradual growing complexity of Science and technology itself is the intrinsic root of development of postdoctoral system, and the utility value of science and technology is an external incentive. Because of progress of science and technology, it is more difficult to climb to the "shoulders of giants". When scientists couldn't get the material and technical conditions need by science research individually, science research must be organized and socialized. Because science and technology has utility value and the complexity, it is necessary that government take part in science research actively. The achievements of the development of science and technology were applied in practice, corroborated the insight of Bacon's logion knowing as "Knowledge is power". The demands for science and technology by industry revolution stimulate technological innovation further and more, and knowledge production became socialized activity gradually. With large enterprises established their own research institutions in the late 19th century, organized researches replaced individual dealing. Increasingly institutionalized technological innovation created a new social sector for promoting purposeful knowledge production. The model for training Scientists shifts from the hands model to industrial production line model, which must adapt to the mechanized large-scale production. Science and technology is a key factor of production, plays important role in economic and social development. The growing demand for scientists who conduct research independently, led to the rise of postdoctoral system eventually. The world major developed countries have established postdoctoral system one after another in the latter half of the 20th century. Just for training more talented young researchers, there appeared postdoctoral system. That the new doctorate recipients experience the postdoctoral stage and then grow into independent researcher and mature scientists is a perfect system arrangement. However, in the actual development process, the postdoctoral system generated an additional feature. It is real bitter that the doctorate scale grows steadily, while the supply of scholar positions fluctuates by the economic cycle. So in the long run, there are too many doctors who pursue scholar position but can't succeed. Postdoctoral stage is satisfied for the surplus doctorate recipients who pursue scholar position.Chinese postdoctoral system established at the mid-1980s. It is very urgent to culture adequate high-level talents meet the need by development of economic and social. Just after restoring higher education order, China established degree system and sent students aboard. Tsung Dao Lee and many domestic scholars and scientists actively promote to establish postdoctoral system. They get strong support from the State Council as well as Party and State leaders. The State Council signed document determining to try the postdoctoral system in 1985. In the process of establishment of Postdoctoral system, scholars, research institutions, academy, central government and local government, Party and State leaders made an efficient policy relationship network by the positive interaction between each other.Chinese postdoctoral system aimed to train young high-level talent, play an important role to promote educational, technological, economic and social development. Practice has proved that Chines postdoctoral system is foresight strategic to culture high-level of talent, which is a quick road for growing of high- level talent and an effective instrument to strengthen talent competition in the global. The Government plays a crucial role in the process of establishment and development of Chinese postdoctoral system. Deng Xiaoping actively involved in policy-making postdoctoral system, under the leadership of the State Council made a series of cross-sector policies to provide preferential terms, to break the flow of talent system barriers in order to attract excellent doctorate recipient to conduct postdoctoral research. Policy environment restricts to choices of public policy tools. With the deepening of economic system reform, the policy environment of Chinese postdoctoral system has undergone great changes, and the market became routine means to solve public problems eventually. In the process of Postdoctoral system development, the central government gradually delegated authority to local governments, and the idea of omnipotent government transformed to idea of limited government. There is another the means is that the government intervention directly. The government plays its role through lever mechanism, which means government can use fewer resources to dominate other more resources from sectors of society to deal with policy issues. The lever mechanism acts as a "four ounces yields 1000 catties" effect. Because the government emphasized the importance of postdoctoral system, the postdoctoral became as "quasi-degree" or a brilliant postdoctoral title actually. The Local governments attract the post-doctoral taking part in administration; makes postdoctoral position is more overstated. The policy has crucial implication viewing from Chinese postdoctoral system. Government measures and market instruments have their own areas of expertise. In the areas of commodity production, market-based instruments more effective. Instead, in the public domain the government must assume the responsibility. Ii is reasonable and necessity for government developing science and technology, and culturing high-level talents.The U.S. government plays an important role in the process of development post-doctoral system gradually. The federal government provides the vast majority of postdoctoral research funding. The number of postdoctoral supported by the federal government directly far exceed the number of postdoctoral supported by Chinese state-funded in recent years. The federal agencies began to focus on postdoctoral policies and improve the lives of postdoctoral researchers and research conditions. The vast majority of postdoctoral researchers in the United States are foreigners who come from developing countries mainly, and many of them resident in United States last. Postdoctoral system has actually become instrument of the United States to get global talents and attract high-level researchers, and develop its science and technology competition.The U.S. government's role in development of postdoctoral system is underestimated often. Government involves in the development of postdoctoral system more directly, and will devote postdoctoral system more actively in the future. We should remain vigilant to the U.S. government's attitude, which say in one way and behave in another in public affairs. The U.S. taught the developing countries adopt liberal economic policies which known as "Washington Consensus", and has been claiming that the government should withdraw from the economy. However, the U.S. was deeply involved in business to support the domestic industry itself through technology policy in all aspects of the economy. The practice of duplicity of U.S. was criticized as "invisible developism" by Fred Block. The true Intention of U.S. is trying to convince developing countries give up the government's responsibility in public affairs, weaken their competitiveness in technology, talent attached and other core areas, and maintain its dominance.There are some outstanding problems to be solved in Chinese postdoctoral system at present. Firstly, it is unbalanced in regional development, leads serious disorder allocation of science and technology resources. Secondly, lacking of the necessary coordination mechanisms links enterprises and research institutions and academy, leads to slow development of enterprises postdoctoral.It is difficult to raise funds for scientific research, to enhance enterprises the ability of innovation and R&D. The policy objectives are not measured up. Because of misunderstanding about development theory, Chinese postdoctoral system policy is uncertain in the future. Facing of fierce international competition in science and technology and talent area, it is very urgent to develop aggressive postdoctoral system policy.The key of policy innovation is innovation of mechanism. The first is the decision-making mechanisms, should help to form a unified and efficient policy system through coordinating befits of policy bodies, balancing power between central and local governments. The second is establishment of Flexible support mechanism works under legal system; ensure to supply adequate resources needed for development. Reform the talents training system and promote it internationalized. In the process of policy formulation and implementation, must coordinate the policy bodies and stakeholders to improve the effectiveness of policy.