Institutional Make-up And Failure Of Operation

Education is closely related to each of us and thus has great impacts upon both the society and the individuals. As the bridge between elementary education and higher education, secondary education in Republic of China, with its teachers in the leading place, has once played a key role in saving the nation and made great contributions to Republic of China in its transformation, with the unique way of development, formation and actual operation. As far as the political changes, economic developments and social reforms are concerned, the dissertation with management institutions as a major clue, aims to present the situation of teachers including their progress, income, daily life, etc.Based on a thorough literature review, the research on management of secondary school teachers in Republic of China proceeds chronologically and logically from admission, employment and then retirement with a general-specific-general array in the whole dissertation in which relevant problems are highlighted. Accordingly, the item revolves around five problems, respectively covering contents of policies, operations and causes of failure. The management institution concerned in each chapter follow the line of evolution which unites both the historical order and the logical order.The dissertation is meant to trace chronologically the changes and contents of governmental institutions upon middle school teachers in Republic of China mainly from five aspects so as to present the actual operation of different systems and then objectively reveal the causes of certain failures. The emphasis is put on the variety of impacts of management institutions on team building and education with different contents and requirements in different periods. Institutional changes theory of new institutional economics is employed to analyze the ways they take shape which can be reduced to path dependence and path innovation, natural evolution and reasonable construction, mandatory transformation and inductive transformation. The failure of management institution is due to either the lack or the inefficiency of norms, which originally result from the absence of a powerful and authoritative system. Thus, there is no guarantee for the education fee to be reasonably granted and the continual of wars lead to disorder of management institutions and administrative systems.With management institution of middle school teachers in Republic of China as the object, this dissertation is an effort to unfold the ups and downs in the development. The institutions in the whole period are mapped out and analyzed both theoretically and practically to provide a further understanding of education in modern times and shed lights on education at present. Therefore, in addition to the introduction, the dissertation is composed of seven parts.Introduction focuses on the causes of the topic, significance and methodology of this research. Relevant concepts are defined, literature review provided and overall outline of the paper presented. It is also pointed out that the management institution of middle school teachers in Republic of China basically consists of employment systems, qualification systems, training systems, salary and treatment systems as well as pension systems.Chapter1is a general survey of middle school teachers in Republic of China, including their social source, composition and employment polices. The introduction to its composition is detailed in terms of educational background, gender and age distribution and faculty make-up. Since the following five chapters have a specific focus on the individual contents of the management institution, this chapter merely serves as a premise and outline.Chapter2focuses on the management institution of employment. On one hand, qualifications for the teachers are discussed involving relevant rules, actual operation and cases of failure. On the other hand, employment institutions in that period are also illustrated from the above-mentioned aspects.Chapter3centers on the institution of examination, the historical forces of which are first of all analyzed with rules concerning and features outstanding. Afterwards, the practice of examination in different provinces is introduced with Fengtian, Hubei, Guizhou and Fujian as the typical examples. Finally, the historical limits in the institution of examination are objectively analyzed.Chapter4is concerned about the institution of training and further study. The necessity of training teachers in Republic of China is historically touched and then the contents are introduced. It is greatly emphasized how they are put into operation and what they finally achieve. Meanwhile, the leading factors which affect the operation are also discerned.Chapter5outlines the institution of salary and incomes. First, the historical evolution of the institutions is traced; second, the actual situation of the teachers'income is verified; at last, the political, economic and educational factors which are influential are respectively discussed.Chapter6revolves around the institution of pension. After a systematic survey of how it gradually develops and what it actually covers, together with a survey of improvement in specific regulations, the focus is primarily on the operation and causes of failure in operation as well.The final part is a conclusion in which the failure of institution of management is further analyzed with features of make-up on the basis of institutional changes theory of new institutional economics. It is accordingly proposed with possible solutions that at present it is desirable to improve the management institution in terms of standard of values and major contents so as to make the teachers more competent.