International Adoption Of Children In Care Ethics

International adoption is the transfer of children for parenting purposes from one nation to another. International adoption as a common phenomenon in the international community, has developed gradually since the World War â…¡.Currently, the annual number of children who have been transferred by international adoption is about40,000and the total number in the past half century has reached500,000. International adoption is practical in solving the unparented children's problems, but it also leads to kidnappings around the world which are conducted in the name of international adoption. Therefore, there are pros and cons among the nations based on the argument of ensuring the highest benefits of children which have been the central issue in international adoption.In the beginning this article summarizes the features of international adoption to meet the needs of ethical study. Firstly, international adoption mainly refers to the voluntary adoption to meet the needs of the adopter, while passive adoption is to meet those of the adoptee. As fertility declining in developed countries, fewer children is available for adoption, international adoption has gradually developed into a voluntary adoption. Secondly, international adoption is primarily the remote relationship adoption. The close and remote relationship adoptions are discriminated by common attributes between the adopter and adoptee, and by the degree of approximation between the adoptive relations and core family relations. The development of international adoption presents a tendency of developing from the close to the remote relations. Thirdly, secret adoption, the main adoption which is opposite to the open adoption refers to the process and state being unknown to the adoptee. Since the international adoption is affected by various elements it shows a state of secret adoption.Care ethics in this article is divided into the following four parts:care of children value, care of benefit, care of rights and regulations. The value of children refers to the significance of them in existence which can be divided into the ethical and utilitarian values. The ethical value is the significance of child being an individual, while the utilitarian value refers to the significance of a child to meet the needs of the adult. The benefits of children involve their demands for the outside environment and conditions that are needed for their development. We put them into material, spiritual and moral benefit, and also the fundamental, protected, developed and self-determined one. The children' rights consist of their qualification of being a member in a family, nation, race, country and culture group.The value, benefit and right of the adopted children (unparented child before the adoption and parented child in the adopted family are included) in the international adoption are in a special ethical state. Firstly, voluntary adoption on the one hand guarantees the utilitarian value of children; on the other hand it may lead to the marketization of adoption preventing the realization of children's ethical value. What's more, remote relation adoption ensures the material benefits of children and also prevents the development of children's spiritual and moral benefits. There are some beneficial conflicts between country and children. Further more, secret adoption let children get identity of the adopt country in race, nation and culture, but also prevents the realization of their birth country's race, nation and culture.The ethical care of children in international adoption can be put into practice by taking special measures according to the special situation of their value, benefit and right. First, it is necessary to combine the voluntary with open adoption, trying to both meeting the needs of adopters and ensuring ethical value of children at the same time. Second, it is needed to comply with the prior principle of settlement according to the close relationship, ensuring each unparented child with a proper settlement; to protect the children's benefits to be realized by the national responsibility. Third, it is essential to promote open adoption, through which to help children finish the process of self-identity and social identity and exert their rights.International adoption is fundamentally created by the system. In the field of international adoption, the most fundamental approach to care ethnics of children is the international adoption system for care. The international adoption system for care should include national population system, social security system and unparented child placement system, etc.; besides, the international adoption system should be designed to represent humanity, human rights and the concept of care, reflecting the children-oriented principle, home maintenance and responsibility of the state; moreover the implementation of international adoption system mainly counts on the cooperation, tracking service mechanisms and supervision by public opinion between states. The minimal goal of international adoption system for care is to offer the unparented children a home, and the intermediate aim is to decrease the number of them; at last, the super ordinate goal is to eventually eliminate the phenomenon on the basis of harmonious development of material production and the realization of each individual's free and comprehensive development.