On The Kazak Pastoral Society From The Perspective Of Land Institution Changes

Kazak is an ethnic group of Eurasian steppe nomadic with a long history. In the middle of 1750s, Heizai tribe in Yuzi and Aleban and Suwan tribe in Dayuzi entered administrative area of Yili Prefecture in China. In the late nineteenth century, Heizai tribe entered into Xinyuan field and became the subject of nomadice groups. Kazakh society is a traditional one with the mixture of blood tie, geographical circumstance and religion.Kazakh society has also gone through three land reforms and other related important social transformation project. in order to study whether the society reform project designed reasonablely on the basis of agricultural society is successful or not, whether the"silience"groups of boundary society enjoy the social progress or not To talk about whether the practices of the major social transformation project based on rational design of agricultural society are successes or not; whether those silent marginal social groups share the fruits of social progress or not is the theory of the social aspirations of scholars and social mission. In order to show an image of nomadic changing society, academic provide a special paradigm of rural society development to China's sociology and nomadic society the image of China's rural sociology to provide additional interpretation to the study of rural and nomadic society, and to promote progress and development of multi-ethnic groups in Xinjiang. This study takes Kazakh as an example, though studying Xinyuan, from the point of changes of land institution, we can see the land practice that Kazakh society experienced and the present situation of society reform project companied with changes of land institution; what various land practices those Kazakh have in land reform; what changes have taken place to the family and kinship institution, social grass-roots organizations, migration and settlement, grassland property rights and grassland environment.The state carried out democratic reforms in other farming and pastoral areas. The reform aims at changing the grassland into national public grassland. Herdsmen who own grassland were endowed the rights to occupy, use and benefits. During that time, pastoralists with high enthusiasm developed, animal husbandry. The co-operative husbandry is based on their traditional assistant, and is also a collaborative approach on the use of funds, property and livestock, which causes relatively clear benefit of livestock and helps the livestock industry to maintain a good institution performance. During People's Commune period, grassland and livestock belong to the whole people, which change the status of private livestock since ancient times. In terms of individual pastoralists, pasture and livestock have become a public good and allow others to use, transfer and disposal proceeds. This cause pastoral land and livestock ownership is "incomplete."Household contract responsibility institution is a totally and spontanious reform. The government will apply the land design to the pastoral area and carry out the grassland contracting. which brings benefits to pastoral environment. on one hand, distributing grassland to herdsman makes it easy to manage their own grassland. and if every family do the thing well, the grassland environment will be guranteened. on the other hand, the markets mechanism combine ecological benefit with econimic benefit. so the herdsman will pay more attention to the protection and construction of their grassland in order to gain more benefits. grassland contracting meet the"rules of grassland", but the problem of unclear grassland property rights always exits.the grassland ownership becomes more and more obvious with rising population, decreasing grassland and captilazing nature.with the transform of land institution, different changes happen to grassland ownership. The intellectual property reform tells us the importance lies on clear grassland ownership instead of deepening the Household contract institution.stable namoadic people is a useful item to improve the living of herdsman. Stable namoadic settlement is just a individual case, reasonable design grassland contracting put namoadic society to an end. stable settlement is the most distingtive change.and it is a reasonable design to improve the living situation for herdsman. herdsman stable settlement altered their traditiona lifestyle; improved the condition of eduacation and medical hygine and changed the single megthod of operating and it makes Kazac share the fruits of social progress with other nations equally. However, herdsman stable settlement worsen the grassland environment. Grassland contracting put the their living and environmental protection in a dilema. So we should draw a balance between herdsman living and environmental protection. grassland contracting promotes the changes and reconstruction in pastroal area.In livestock production, grassland use rights are the core problem. Change of property rights through the process of grassland back to the situation we have had a clear understanding towards grassland condition in Xinjiang. The current property rights on grassland give us many inspirations. The government came up with a serious of relevant reforms, based on the advantages and disadvantages of modern property rights and the implementation of grassland property unintended consequences occur, that is to establish the compensation institution of ecological grassland, to carry out "double right one institution ", to establish related lanes and regulars institution, to build exclusive rights, to improve the transfer institution of property rights and to establish the stock and share on the property rights of grassland.Before the grassland contracting, the settlement of Kazakh nomads is just a special case. The grassland contracting led to the end of the nomadic community, so the settlement phenomenon has become the most significant social change. The best way to achieve modernization is pastoral herders'settlement, which changes their lifestyle and production; improves the medical, health, education and cultural conditions and makes the way of operation become diversified. People begin to share the fruits of social progress. However, the herdsmen settlement is one of the reasons to leading to the degradation of grassland ecosystems.As the deteriorating ecological environment, the state began a large-scale ecological protection action. State Environmental Protection Policy is based on theoretical assumptions overgrazing , therefore, countries have developed a pastoral grazing time and reduced livestock policies which led to the industrial structure is relatively simple to the difficulties of pastoral livelihoods in pastoral areas. Prairie Village, ecological protection and construction of new animal husbandry to improve herders on the dilemma of income required to appear. In both the grassland and pastoral livelihoods grassland on the measures the author proposes family contract institutions is not the only unit of pasture use and are not limited to property rights reform.Household contract responsibility institution promotes social differentiation of pastoral community, as well as in the production and life, belief institutions, social organizations and economic income. During the differentiation of social structure, social institution or structure of functional complementation and that there is integration. Pastoral communities in the social organization, social relations, religious beliefs, ethnic traditions, family and marriage, resources, interests, and cultural aspects of integration have emerged.In the current structure of Chinese society under the conditions of rapid differentiation, in order to establish a wide range of social integration institution and ensure social stability, coordination, rational structure, the interests of the same deposit, the value of sharing resources with each other, we need to use the institution, legal, organizational and public opinion and other means to create a fair, reasonable and open environment for social differentiation, coordination among the various interests of social strata. Promoting economic development in pastoral areas of the market and promoting the development of various types of intermediary organizations make the pastoral and administrative integration of ascription-based mechanism to the mechanical integration of the contractual-based integration mechanisms of organic change. In the social integration of specific policy options, we should establish participatory mechanisms for herders; establish a fair, reasonable and open mechanism for social mobility and social class structure; expand the pastoral inhabitants of the city living and development space; concern the arising vulnerable groups in pastoral areas during the process of social differentiation; treat education development as a strategy to promote social integration in pastoral areas. After contracting grassland and pastoral settlement, the pastoral social structure experienced historical changes on economic life, production and lifestyle, social construction and other aspects.Prairie household contract laid the foundation for the modern pastoral area. As a new paradigm of rural development, village construction is a new modern concrete practice of pastoral areas. According to the present construction of new village and existent problems, the government draws up practical measures on the basis of ecological protection and in line with the actual pastoral areas. The most important and fundamental point of modern pastoral area is the modernization of herdsmen according to their cultural level, the reality of knowledge and skills. Through skills training and culture development, we should recognize and understand pastoral identity, status and role, and respect knowledge and intellectuals to foster new herders with knowledge, techniques and business operations.The construction of social security in pastoral areas of Kazakhstan was officially launched. We need to focus on the construction of public social security institution and ecological protection of the interests of pastoralists. In the ecological environment construction, we need to compensate for the loss of economic benefits and expand the channels to increase revenue to protect the pastoral herders'rights.New village construction depends on the healthy development of grassland ecological environment, which is of great significance of the new village. The importance lies on the clear prairie property rights. Clear prairie property rights help to optimize the internal and external environment, to arouse herdsmen of the main self-protection of the grassland ecological environment, to protect the collective economy interests of pastoralists, to participate politics and government decision-making error correction. Based on the above analysis, the author poses measures of grassland ecological protection:developing specialized cooperative economic organizations in pastoral areas; improving the grassland livestock production levels; establishing the institution of single-family ranch and protecting the grassland ecological environment through the enterprise.Based on living in Kazakh society and laying strong emphasis, the author, as a non-native sociology researcher, discusses the changes of Kazakh society objectively and fairly which produce realistic and historial meanings on establishing the institution of single-family ranch and grassland ecological environment , cultivating new herdsman and promoting mutrual understanding between the government and its people.