| Liangshan Yi Nationality Autonomous Region has always been beset by poverty. As the circumstances change, the poverty becomes more and more complicated and the antipoverty work becomes more and more difficult. Deep research into regional poverty and antipoverty with geographic and humanistic features has becomes an important topic for discussion on Yi Region's social development. But as far as current researches are concerned, the academic community has seldom set foot in this field. Therefore, on basis of the retrospection of the antipoverty history in Yi Region and the current investigation in Yi Region's poverty, the author will grasp Liangshan Yi Nationality Autonomous Region's unique individuality in combination with the requirements and contents of ethical development, and survey its poverty and antipoverty from a new standpoint, especially from the standpoint of ethical culture in order to set up an antipoverty framework that fits in the regional features.The whole article is composed of six parts, and the main contents are shown as follows:First part, introduction. It describes the background, significance and research objective. Review the related researches according to sociological analysis framework; introduce the dissertation's research standpoint and method; bring forward the dissertation's precondition and assumption, logical thought, and structure of the dissertation; list the innovative points and weakness of the dissertation.Second part, general analysis of ethical poverty. This part starts with poverty theories in various subjects, find out the connotation of"poverty"and"ethical poverty", and hereby select sociological analysis framework and method that fit in with Yi Region. First section discusses poverty respectively from economic, political and social standpoints, looks back at the development of antipoverty theory, and gives a brief description of poverty elimination allegation of various theories. The second section learns the special connotation of"poverty"and"ethical poverty"through academic standpoint, namely poverty is an objective and non-voluntary social phenomenon, and a dynamic step-by-step process. In different steps and areas, it has different features. It mainly plays a passive role. Its basic feature is widely recognized deficiency and physiological and social deprivation. Besides the poverty in common connotation, "ethical poverty" has special objective and subjective constitutional factors. It is based on ethical relationships and has deep political tint. Third section, applicable social analysis method on poverty and antipoverty in Yi Region can be derived from the special connotation of "ethical poverty". On basis of brief sorting of sociological development, the article brings forward the sociological research theories and methodologies, and sociological focus of ethical poverty research. Based on formalistic research such as static state and taxonomy, ethnical cultural atmosphere, the article pays attention to historical accumulation and transition, advocates for the combination of formal parsing and historical description, focuses on the interaction between habit and social norm, collective consciousness and action and action subject, and the particularity of ethical culture etc.Third part, retrospection (1950-2000) on the government anti-poverty in Liangshan Yi Nationality Autonomous Region. The article respectively introduces the anti-poverty historical background in three stages: before 1956, 1956-1978 and 1978-2000, including social structure and hierarchy, cultural education and medical treatment, economic basis etc. Based on these, the article makes a brief induction and comment on the anti-poverty modes and processes in 1950-1978, 1979-1985, 1986-1993 and 1994-2000 by two major anti-poverty main bodies: the government and social force. And thus it points out the following features of anti-poverty history: (1) non-balance of elimination of regional poverty; (2) typical extraneous sources of anti-poverty evolution; (3) depth of influence of regional ethical culture. Therefore, the article suggests that the following revelations can be found in the anti-poverty history of Yi Region: to introduce to become the dominant nongovernmental antipoverty force is the regional requirement; based on increasing anti-poverty resources investment, introduce regional difference indicator to realize reasonable collocation of resources; the government should complement with social force; anti-poverty actions characterized by the same position of poor population and anti-poverty subject will be more effective; anti-poverty in Yi Region should pay attention to policy transition.Part four, current investigation (2001 up till now) in the anti-poverty in Liangshan Yi Region. According to poverty as active process, antipoverty as active action and antipoverty as active interaction, this part mainly respectively discusses poverty status, features, trend, reason, and contents and operation method of antipoverty action after 2000. On basis of these, the article abstracts the main problems existing in the antipoverty action in Yi Region. In the first section, the article discusses the poverty state in Diba area, Erbanshan area and Gaoshan area, investigates in the poverty features of community, households and resources, points out that the poverty depth and antipoverty difficulty are in the sequence of Gaoshan area, Erbanshan area and Diba area. Furthermore, the article makes induction and conclusions on the poverty change features in the three areas. Diba area is in a trend of deepening degree, juvenilizing and complication of structure; Poverty in Erbanshan area is in the trend of policy differentiation, poor female population decreasing; Poverty in Gaoshan area is in the trend of deepening degree and policy differentiation. On basis of this analysis, the article finds out the three reasons for the poverty in these three areas: Diba area--lack of land, low human quality, and mistakes in anti-poverty policies; Erbanshan area--vile environment, diseases, and large religionary expenditure; Gaoshan area--comprehensive reasons including environment, human quality, etc. The second section discusses antipoverty as active action. The article looks back at the policy support of antipoverty in Yi Region, including finance and taxation preferential policies, industrial development policy, antipoverty development policy, opening policy, respectively reviews and analyzes their effects, and points out the incompletion of current policy system in regard to antipoverty. It points out that the determination of current poverty line in Yi Region and objective design differ with regional features. The standard of absolute poverty line is too low, assessment criterion is monotonous and low-income line is also inappropriate. These lead to the incompletion of antipoverty objective in Yi Region. Then, the article gives a brief sorting of the main contents and achievements on the antipoverty in Yi Region, focuses on the comments and analyses of the structure and operation method of antipoverty management system, points out that it follows the old management mode of the central planned economy system, which has many flaws. Third section discusses antipoverty as active interaction. This part mainly analyzes the relationships of government and market, government and poor community and government and NGO. On basis of brief retrospect on their respective development, the article points out that the antipoverty actions taken by Yi Region government lacks market operation; government pays too much attention on its own guiding role but disregards the participation from poor population; and that the cooperation between Yi Region government and NGO is limited on a excessive narrows field, and both party lacks effective interaction. On basis of these, the article suggests that the future antipoverty action in Yi Region should strengthen interaction among the aforementioned three parties. The fourth section analyzes the current problems of antipoverty in Yi Region. This section makes detailed analyses of three outstanding problems in antipoverty in Yi Region: cultural clash, conflicts between ecological construction and industrial mode change, and inappropriate distribution and management of antipoverty resources. And furthermore, it discusses their performance in antipoverty action. The article points out that the antipoverty action disregards the application of wisdom of poor Yi people and regional knowledge; development-oriented antipoverty deepens the vicious cycle of "environment--poverty" in Yi Region; ecological environment construction project impacts the living of residents in the poor community in Yi Region; antipoverty management system leads to a waste of antipoverty resources and distribution deviation.Part five is about the history of Liangshan Yi Region. On basis of the historic and current investigation on poverty and antipoverty in part three and part four, this part introduces historic comparison analysis method to find out the historic difference, current generality and individuality of antipoverty in Yi Region, so as to lay a foundation for the antipoverty actions in this region. The first section analyses the historic difference from macro environment, micro social atmosphere and interest group layout, points out slowing of economic growth, change of growth mode, issuance of ecological policy and adjustment of regional preferential policy will be historic difference with current macro environment, and all of these factors have a full impact on antipoverty actions in Yi Region. From the Yi nationality cultural clash in the process of modernization, the article pints out that at present Yi Region is under the micro social atmosphere of "diversified complex", and that the inadaptability to traditional culture, drug problem,"jiazhi"is its basic features. Besides cultural atmosphere, Yi Region's micro social atmosphere of antipoverty also includes capital, technology, human resource lack, etc. At last, the article points out that the current Yi Region's interest group layout is far from the simple structure of "two classes and one stratum" prior to the reform. Although its society is characterized by "status system", the interest group layout has been built up on ten stratums. Among them,"jiazhi"is a comparatively independent interest group that exists in every aspect of the society. The second section analyses the generality in the antipoverty actions from economic, political and cultural foundations, and points out that the current Yi Region is still a village community dominated by agriculture, and that the commodity economy is not developed, and the society lacks fluidity. Blood lineage is the dominant social relation."jiazhi"maintains the social order within the system of state power, and is a significant functional group in Yi Region. The traditional religious faith is still the center of Yi people's everyday life. The elite stratums like"degu"hold the natural authority, and they have strong appealing power in community life. Yi Region's social foundation can be generalized by religion, etiquette and custom, blood relationship, hierarchy, agriculture, self consistency, closeness and stability. From the clash of Yi Region's economic development with the traditional culture, third section concludes the independent individuality of antipoverty actions in Yi Region, i.e. clash between tradition and modernization. On basis of Yi cultural recession and strain expansion, the article indicates that modernization is not elimination of individuality, and that instead of chasing material progress alone, antipoverty should be rooted in ethical culture.Part Six is about the rational selection of antipoverty in Yi Region. This part mainly designs a characteristic action framework from ethic cultural resource integration and all-round antipoverty action spanning a certain geographic range. The first section is about integration of antipoverty and ethic culture. On basis of defining "poverty culture" and "cultural poverty", this section focuses on Yi Region's "poverty culture": popularity coming before profit, being satisfied with status quo, bearing a lot of children, boys being valued instead of girls, excessive drinking, treasure death, desiccated thought, and some corrupt customs. The article suggests that "poverty culture" is the result of Yi people accustomed with environment, and that it is not the nature of Yi people. Then, from the standpoint of antipoverty, the article indicates that elimination of poverty culture is a must to realize the change of Yi culture to modernization. The specific measures include: improving the material conditions in Yi Region, developing education and information exchange, advocating ethic culture consciousness, and deepening reform of culture system. And at last, the article points that antipoverty actions should be interactive with Yi culture in regard to change of Yi culture to modernization and antipoverty. It means: introducing"jiazhi"into antipoverty management organization design, promoting antipoverty action by making use of natural authority, designing antipoverty projects by utilizing local knowledge, developing the industrialization of Yi culture, finding out the factors in Yi culture that can be engrafted into economy, and bringing forward related suggestions. The second section is about the framework design of antipoverty activity in Yi Region. This section designs a rational selection of antipoverty in Yi Region from three aspects: antipoverty target mechanism reconstruction, dimensional construction of antipoverty activity covering the regional range and assistant antipoverty activity. As regards target mechanism, the article points out that the current poor people identification mechanism is too weak, and that poverty indication system is not suitable to Yi society. And thus suggests that in the future such variables as the return-to-poverty rate, area etc. should be added to the poverty line determination method; land index and gender index should be added to poor people identification system; set up a poor people identification mechanism participated in by the poor people; strengthen the poor people identification training for the antipoverty workers. As for dimensional construction of antipoverty activity, from the standpoints of regional range, the article indicates the antipoverty activity focus in the three areas: in Diba area, carry out projects such as antipoverty in employment,job training, agricultural industrialization management, increasing relief investment;in Erban area, develop basic infrastructure, natural disaster prevention, consumption guidance and antipoverty for women; in Gaoshan area, carry out antipoverty in migration, antipoverty in animal husbandry and forestry, and antipoverty in foreign trade. As for assistant antipoverty activity design, in regard to drug abuse, fundamental state power construction flaws, the article makes characteristic designs, and suggests that Yi Region should carry out drug prohibition by obstructing social drug ceremony, and optimize fundamental state power from three aspects: standardizing the responsibility of towns and villages governments, strengthening village governing through natural authority in Yi Region and strengthening the power of village and towns.The research on poverty and antipoverty in Liangshan is so complicated, and the related references are far from enough. Therefore, a systematic research on Yi Region's poverty is more difficult than expected. In spite of those, the dissertation still makes the following new discoveries:1. Sociologic poverty analysis framework. Divide Yi Region's poverty into three interrelated parts: process, interactivity and action, and focus on the problems of the basis of poverty and antipoverty, poverty generation and regeneration system, discussion of dimensional subject of antipoverty etc.2. Multiple subject views and historic comparison analysis method. The span of time of the analysis of poverty and antipoverty in Yi Region exceeds the starting point of normal realistic analysis, and extends it to 1950. The selection of this starting point gives full consideration of the influence on poverty by social transformation, system change etc. Through comparison analysis of history and status quo, the article explores into the historic factors of poverty and antipoverty in Yi Region.3. Attach importance to ethic culture. As regards interactive research of ethic culture and poverty, this article advocates ethic culture respect and consciousness, and its contributions include: sorting Yi Region's"poverty culture", explaining Yi's ecological culture,"bimo"culture,"jiazhi"cultre, etc., discussing modernization change against the background of cultural variation and declination.4.Construction of antipoverty activity system of a regional range. When constructing the antipoverty activity in Yi Region, the article designs the activity framework respectively according to the geographic and humanist difference and poverty characteristics of Diba area, Erbanshan area and Gaoshan area. Besides antipoverty activity design, the article suggests that antipoverty activity should carry out drug prohibition suitable to regional features, optimize fundamental state power, and strengthen the role of natural authority in village management.5.Poverty line and target design. On basis of analysis of Yi Region's features, the article redesigns the antipoverty target mechanism, and brings forward the land index, gender index etc. based on current poverty line measurement index, and constructs a poverty identification mechanism that allows the poor people to participate in.6. Attach importance to interaction of antipoverty and environmental construction. The article makes a deep analysis of the influence of environment protection policy on poverty, and points out that Yi Region should develop an environment-poverty project, and makes an initial discussion on the interactive design regarding these two aspects. |
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