Research On Rural Labor Migration In Resource Rich Area Of Northern Shaanxi

Now, China has been in to a economy and society rapidly changing periord. Employment, especially the employment of the rural-urban migrant, is a very importment question related to improvement of people' life and social stability. Economical and social factors, not environmental, are considered in core of comprehensive labor migration study framwork. In real word, complicated geographical environment, diversified human foundation, varied level of development, these conditions can bring the status changes of migration related factors. For Mide and West China, interacttion between rural labor migration and vulnerable ecology are obvious, the former is regarded as key pre-conditions for economic -social development and ecological management.The Territorial System of Human-Nature Relation in Shanbei Area(Northern Shaanxi of China), is very complicated, and in greatly dynamic changing which caused by natural resources exploitation, ecological eanagement(such as Grain for Green Project), and economical activies. Rural labor' industrial and spatial transitions, from agricultural occupation to nonagricultural sectors, from countryside to urban areas, play an important role in sustainable development of Northern Shaanxi. Through this research the author tried to summarize the main characteristics of labor transition, shaping and influence of migration.Multi-sourcing digital data and other information are collected, and both qualitative methods and quantitative methods were adopted in this research. The qualitative methods are mainly interviews with migrant worker and governmental officials in charge, and analyses of population census, questionnaire survey and historical materials from Statistical Yearbook of related areas. Serious quantitative methods are used only in minority analyses.Northern Shaanxi is multi-problem area, which economic, social and ecological problemes are intertwined together. Rural labor migration and ecological eanagement are highly interacted, natural resouce exploitation make situation more complex. Through muti-scale polices, resource and environment have direct and indirect influence on economic milieu and labor migration. Rural-urban polices and industrial polices are supporting factors.Rural-urban labor migration is in a early stage, small in volume and out percentage, organizational spontaneity, both manage farm work and nonagricultural activities, new works are low quality(such as lower pay, instability),cities and towns have low absorptive capability, et.al. Modern factors(such as, formal industrial sectors, eduction, government organization) are not the most importment forces to promote rural migration. In Northern Shaanxi, Out workers form countryside mostly flow in county, concentrate in traditional tertiary industry and construction industry, long-distant migration is not popular. The particular featue of migration are not the migrant' personal characteristics, organization forms, nor the obstructiones in rural-urban migration and adapting to their new life, but the flow dorection in industrial srctors and space, the underlying shapping forces from economy, society and natural environment.Human capital, household and community conditions, all can affect migration. Rural-urban income disparity and income from household operations have most imporant role in cost-benefit weighing. Junior middle school eduction can offer elementary human capital to migrant, but can not satisfy the transition of regional industrial sector. Based on family and neighbourhood, traditional social relations can help migrant to acquire job opportunities, official organizations' endeavor is reflected in exporting of labor services, training, protecting workers' rights and local residenters' benefit in resources exploiting.The supply, structure and spatial distribution of job opportunities are dominated by regional structure. Pushed by the addiction of natural resource exploit, deviation between industrial structure and employment structure is being more and more serious, and become the most importment structural problem in Northern Shaanxi. This structural dismatch brings the off-farm, out-countryside migrant workers concentrate in traditional tertiary industry and construction industry, not modern manufacturing industry. Another structural problem is rural-urban deviation, urban economies are too weak, lack of self-support modern industries.Regional structure is shaped by environmental factors and energy resources to a great degree. Physio geographic condition bring regional variation of farming conditions, and spatial obstruction, on the other hand, it is a push-force for migration. Ecological managements(such as Grain for Green Project) push rural labors leave land, but the project can not produce non-agricultural jod opportunities. Energy resources exploitation use only a few rural labors, but shape a pros and cons "social-economic-ecological" space.There are many factors should be considered in migration analyses. One factor can produce direct effect and indirect effect, positive effect and negative effect on rural migration. Rural labours make the decision in complicated situation. Polices framwork for rural migration has three sections. First, remove migration barriers and weakening regional structural issues gradually; Second, carry out reasonable spatial policies in order to facilitate flowing and aggregateing of production factor; Third, improve the human capital of rural labor and the enthusiasm of every behavioral agent.