| China took three decades to complete the historic leap from a great tourism resources county to a great tourism industry county. China's tourism industry developed rapidly, and has gradually become an important industry of the national economic system. At the macro level, however, a lot of questions and contradictions have been accumulated in the organizational level in the industry. Industrial organization has a significant impact on the rate of productivity and innovation of an industry. Under the synergetic effect of technical and institutional factors, industrial organization evolutes continually, and the direction and extent of this evolution decides the competitiveness of the industry. This thesis attempts to study China's tourism industry from the perspective of industrial organizational evolution to provide some useful suggestions to help China's tourism industry to complete another historic leap to a great tourism industry power.Using the traditional industrial organization theory as a theoretical tool, combined with the evolutionary economics, the thesis studies the role institutional changes and technological innovations playing of in the industrial organizational evolution firstly, researches the mechanism of industrial organizational evolution, and dopes out the optimize direction of industrial organization. The thesis takes several major events for the node, divides the development of China's tourism industry into three stages, and studies the characteristics and trends of each stage. On this basis, the thesis returns to the starting point of industrial organization research, takes Marshall's definition of four types of organizations: inner-enterprise organizations, inter-enterprise organizations, inter-industry organizations and governmental organizations as the object, and analyzes the characteristics of China's tourism industrial organization. Inner-enterprise organization studies the integration and specialization of tourism enterprises. Inter-corporate organizations study the networked and modular organization of tourism enterprises. Inter-industry organization studies the integration and linkage between the tourism industry and other industries. Governmental organizations play a direct and important impact on China's tourism industrial organization.To a certain extent, the framework of this study can be regarded as the expansion of the R-SCP framework. The integration and specialization of inter-enterprise can enhance the industrial concentration to improve the market structure. The network and modularity between tourism enterprises help to optimize the tourism industry market conduct effectively. The integration and linkage of tourism industry and other industries focus on the leading role of tourism, which to some extent can be regarded as market performance of the tourism industry. Governmental organizations have an influence on the evolution of the tourism industry organization mainly by the regulations.The main conclusions of this thesis are below:1. Technical innovations and institutional changes are the main power of the evolution of tourism industrial organization.China's tourism industry made substantial progress toward during three decades of reforming and opening. Its development strategy changed gradually from the model mainly led by the government to market-oriented. In this process, technological innovations and institutional changes in industrial organization are the main driving force to promote the evolution. Institutional changes help enterprises to operate in a more relaxed environment and implement integration of resources in a larger geographical space. Technological innovations, including information technology and management techniques, enhance efficient operating at a greater enterprise-scale and in a larger geographical scale. The synergetic effect of technical and institutional factors promotes evolution of the four types of organizations, thus impelling the development of the tourism industry.2. The integration and specialization of enterprise contribute to the optimization of the structure of the tourism market.The ways optimizing tourism market structure, which is"bad weak, scattered and small", are mainly the integration and specialization. Tourism enterprises carry out integration by mergers and acquisitions to achieve horizontal or vertical integration strategy to increase market share, creating a stronger market power. Specialization is based on the establishment of a vertical division, and each enterprise focuses on its segment market to enhance its market share. The inner-enterprise organization is the micro-foundation of industrial organization, and should be the key to optimize market structures.3. The networked and modular organization of Inter-enterprise contributes to the formation of the benign competition of the tourism industry.Homogenized competition is the main reason for the decline of average profit in tourism enterprises. It is of vital importance for China's tourism to form a benign competition. Inter-enterprise networked organization internalizes external transactions, and the competition between enterprises became the competition between networks, forming an orderly market in the regional competition. The modular organization changes the competition between enterprises into competition in a module, forming a benign competition between enterprises and helping the optimization and upgrading of tourism industry. By implementing the networked and modular organizations, China's tourism industry can turn a vicious competition into a benign one, and produce tourism products and services at a higher quality.4. The integration and linkage of inter-industry help to optimize the performance of tourism industry.The contribution rate of the national economy of China tourism industry declined gradually after SARS .The main reason is that the tourism industry did not exert its strong integration and association with many other industries. Integration and industry linkage can enhance tourism industry market performance, and consolidate its status in nation economy system.5. The governmental organization changes its role in the tourism industry development strategy from imposing regulation on industry to supporting service to industry.China's tourism industry is developed under the guidance of the government. The governmental organizations exerted an important impact in the development of the tourism industry, and the tourism enterprises were subject to a lot of industry regulations. With the deepening of market-oriented process, the government is gradually shifting its functions from issuing regulation to supporting service to the industry, and positioning itself in industry management, industry support and industry marketing and so on. This transformation helps to create a good and healthy development environment for the tourism industry.
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