International Comparative Study Of State-owned Enterprises

State-owned economy is an important part of the world economy, almost every country in the world, more or less the existence of a number of state-owned enterprises. Currently, countries in the world are exploring the state-owned enterprise reform and development issues, and have different roles and effects, which as we learn the experiences and lessons from abroad, China's state-owned enterprises reform and development have provided favorable conditions and timing.Modern state-owned enterprises in the industrial revolution in the capitalist countries, and with the continued development of the functions derived from the more abundant. The latter half of the 19th century, before the existence of state-owned enterprises Duo is to meet free-market conditions in the state-owned enterprise services derived from the modern functions of public utilities, usually confined to the Post, tobacco, railroad and other industries. State-owned enterprises in Western countries after the war entered a period of great development, most countries have experienced a vigorous nationalization process, since the 20th century, began 80 years a large-scale "privatization" reform wave. The main features of state-owned enterprises is for the sole purpose of making profits, the state is an important state-owned enterprises investors, according to state-owned enterprises and the use of special law on the state-owned enterprises, state-owned enterprises enjoy the right to operate state-owned assets only and no ownership. The main functions of the state-owned enterprises to provide public goods or public services, and guide industrial upgrading and training functions of the pillar industries, maintenance and assistance to private enterprise functions, the functions of economic regulation and control, social, political and other integrated functions. State-owned enterprises are mainly distributed in the production or life and other infrastructure sectors, the basic strategic industrial sector, banking finance and insurance areas, military production, and some of the monopoly franchise areas, new industry or new industry sectors.State-owned enterprise model is the investor in state-owned assets management system core. States in fulfilling the responsibilities of investor according to the department of state enterprises are concentrated, the investor of state enterprises can be classified as decentralized model mode, dual mode and the centralized model. Britain's major state-owned enterprises to take centralized mode of investors, the main sign is the establishment of the Executive Committee of the shareholders; France recently adopted a centralized model of state-owned enterprise investors and strategic thinking to establish a working to improve transparency and enhance the role of the Board entity, so that the country's state-owned enterprises and the performance of regulatory functions to separate the functions of ownership; South Korean model of state-owned enterprises are more similar to the investor a "triple play" mode, in state-owned enterprises involves at least three government departments to fulfill the responsibilities of investor; Singapore state-owned enterprises centralized model and the investor to take a combination of dual-mode, in which authoritarian mode is mainly achieved through the government holding company, and dual-mode is mainly achieved through the establishment of statutory bodies; Italy mainly to adopt a "dual" mode in order to achieve a large number of investors management and control of state-owned enterprises.Corporate governance of state-owned enterprises, state-owned economic issues between the field of micro-business success or failure of important state issues. The world, mainly the United States, Germany, Japan, three typical model of corporate governance, corporate governance in state-owned enterprises in the three models also very different. U.S. corporate governance structure and board of directors only by the composition of shareholders, no board of supervisors, the Board is monitoring both the decision-making bodies, the U.S. company's board of directors dominated by outside directors; Japan's corporate governance structure set up the board and the supervisory board, both exist in parallel shareholders under the non-subordination. Most members of the board of directors by the company or branch of the business leadership of the Minister of part-time, usually in the company after a long investigation and selection; Germany's corporate governance structure, the shareholders, the Board of Supervisors and the Board has the upper and lower levels of relationship. Shareholders under the Board of Supervisors, Board of Supervisors will be responsible to the shareholders and report, the Supervisory Committee under the Board of Directors and report to the Board of Supervisors is responsible for the work. Transitional changes in the national government-run system of corporate governance of state-owned enterprises had an important impact formation. Developing countries, the corporate governance of state-owned enterprises have varying degrees of experience in other countries learn from, and by their own traditional culture.State-owned enterprises around the world will continue to reform and adjustment, full-blown global financial crisis since the country's state-owned enterprise reform to show some new trends. For the United States, the recent reform of state-owned enterprises to minimize the number and size of state-owned enterprises to reduce costs and improve efficiency, and more use of non-proprietary way, mainly in the U.S. subprime mortgage crisis emerged after the partial nationalization of the trends and strengthen supervision of state-owned enterprises; for Japan, Japan's recent reform of state-owned enterprises, especially the central special legal reform, so that significant decline in the number of state-owned enterprises, reducing the government's financial burden and improve the management of state-owned enterprises efficiency and help eliminate corruption, collusion and other phenomena; For Europe, the state-owned enterprise reform in the 1993-2000 period reach a peak in the early 21st century to now gradually coming to an end, at present, Britain, France, Germany, Italy, the four developed countries in Europe state-owned economy has undergone great changes, the proportion of state-owned economy are reduced to below 10%, of which the lowest proportion of Britain's state-owned economy; in the newly industrialized countries, the reform of state-owned enterprises, such as Singapore, the privatization of state-owned shares through the sale of policies to raise huge amounts of money, then its high-tech sector for the development of state-owned enterprises, while other means of financial support through the government, the state-owned enterprises in transition to high-tech fields, in order to achieve the structural transformation of state-owned enterprises; South Korea since 1998 for the fifth privatization reform, a large number of government-funded company to conduct a thorough privatization and sub-stages of the privatization reform. Since 2008, the South Korean government began to vigorously promote the privatization of state-owned financial enterprises; Brazil's state-owned enterprise reform and privatization of the late 90s in the 20th century near the climax stage has now been completed privatization in most sectors, at present, Brazil privatization of state-owned enterprise reform has entered a phase of deep-seated reform of state-owned enterprise reform, mainly for the adjustment of individual industries and enterprises. The development of state-owned enterprises in China has gone through the expansion of enterprise autonomy stage, delegating powers and benefits, the implementation of the contract responsibility system, the establishment of modern enterprise system, establishing a new system of state-owned assets management phase, the strategic readjustment of state-owned enterprises and equity diversified stages and other stages, and now further deepen the reform is in the development stage. At present, China's state-owned enterprises and economic transformation of operational mechanisms to achieve steady growth of state-owned enterprises continue to improve the modern enterprise system innovation, state-owned assets supervision and management system more perfect, more rational distribution of state economic strategy, the international competitiveness of large state-owned enterprise groups continue to emerge, and state-owned shares tradable share reform-related and capital market smoothly. However, there are state-owned enterprises development goals are not clear, too rely on market dominance, capacity for independent innovation is not strong, corruption is quite serious condition and operation of strict liability is not enough, too close to government and enterprises, state-owned economic restructuring has taken place relief and other issues. In the next stage of reform and development of state-owned enterprises will face the competitive position of corporate entities and the market is more difficult to establish, and various conflicts has become increasingly prominent, the central management and control of enterprises and some difficult areas, "the country back into" phenomenon difficult to control and other issues .Summarizes the development of state-owned enterprises around the world experience, can be found in the development of state-owned enterprises and the national economy and national security fields long, to intervene in the market play an important role in the pure number of wholly state-owned enterprises will show a decreasing trend, sovereign investment Fund the development of a new form of state-owned enterprises, the development of state-owned enterprises should follow the principle of moderation, but the phenomenon of state-owned enterprises will co-exist with the state. Therefore, the state-owned enterprise reform should dare to break through an oral bold breakthrough, state-owned enterprises in competitive fields should accelerate the exit, and administrative reform of state-owned assets should be increased to the professional operation of the road, to further deepen the institutional reform of state assets To further improve the state-owned enterprises of the modern enterprise system. On the above ideas, in the state-owned enterprise reform and development process, we as soon as possible to establish a scientific state-owned assets management system and improve the external environment of state-owned enterprises, strengthening the internal management of state-owned enterprises, vigorously promote independent innovation of state-owned enterprises and technological progress, efforts to improve the economic efficiency of state-owned enterprises, strengthening the legal system of state-owned construction enterprise management. We also state-owned enterprises should pay attention to the diversification of property rights should not be simple, not in a purely state-owned monopoly enterprises fully implement the corporate system, the central corporate headquarters should take into account the geographical layout of the fair should not be overly concentrated, not over the implementation of the "three level" state-owned assets management system.