| As a new mean of resource and environmental management, ecological compensation has increasingly become a concern between Chinese and international scholars. In the past20years, many domestic and foreign scholars have studied a lot of work on the concept, mechanism and mode, standard, and benefit evaluation of ecological compensation. However, the study on eco-compensation has significant discipline overlapping and regional differences, causing some divergences in the above mentioned study contents, so it needs further improved.The eco-compensation standard concerns its feasibility and effect and it is the core of the research on eco-compensation. Formulating the eco-compensation standard involves ecological economics, environmental management science, regional geography and some other related theories and methods, and it is closely related to the level of local ecological environment and economic development as well as citizen’s ecological consciousness. Therefore, there are no consolidated quantitative methods so far. This paper tries to explore the way of making the eco-compensation standard based on the loss of ecological function value and the loss of marketable value with the hope of supplying scientific evidences for the researched areas’ carrying out the eco-compensation as well as methods’ reference for the related research of other areas.This paper selects Landsat-5TM and Landsat-7ETM+remote sensing images in1992,1995,2000,2006and2010as the date source, based on geometric correction, band combination and image enhancement of remote sensing images to identify each wetland types’ tone, texture, shape and other interpreting signs. Meanwhile it takes the object-oriented classification method and uses ERDAS software to classify wetlands of the study area automatically. Additionally, in order to improve the accuracy of automatic classification, using artificial methods of visual interpretation, through the ARCMAP software to modify, refine and supplement the wetlands automatic classification results, resulting in getting the data of types of wetlands, an area, vegetation types, and their spatial and temporal changes in1992,1995,2000,2006and2010, which provides a reliable data resources to estimate wetland ecological value and to formulate ecological compensation standard.The results of remote sensing interpretation show that:①The total study area increases in a fluctuating tendency, which is mainly due to the Yellow River carrying sediment deposited in the estuary.②The wetland of study area display obvious changes in time and space and the general trend is degenerated and decreased from1992to2010.③From the first stage of wetland styles, artificial wetlands tend to increase, and natural wetlands tend to decrease, while non-wetland is basically in the stable situation. This is mainly due to that the part of the natural beach, reed and so on transform into artificial salt pan, breed surface, etc. Although a lot of unused land transform into construction land in the non-wetland, the transformation between non-wetland and wetland is less.④From the second stage of wetland styles, the areas of surface of river, mudflats, lands of shrub and grass, reed, meadow, paddy field and other grasses totally reduce. The areas of breed surface, salt pan and reservoir increase. In the non-wetland, the dry lands remain stable, and the construction lands increase continually while the unused lands continue to decrease.⑤From the whole area landscape pattern, the most obvious changed regions concentrate on the northern, eastern coastal areas and middle plain region in the study area. The landscape of northern and eastern coastal area changes significantly because human beings largely develop grassland, beaches and unused land of coastal area. The central and east flat area changes significantly because of the urban sprawl of the locating Dongying city. The western and southern area is mainly cultivated land, whose landscape changes not obviously.Based on the above interpretation results of remote sensing, this article first discusses the approach of formulating the ecological compensation standard according to wetland ecological function value loss.①In order to ensure the objectivity of ecological value estimation, based on the principle of minimizing the overlap between each function, the author classifies and recognizes the wetland ecological service function of the study area, then according to the characteristics of each function, respectively selecting direct market method (including market value method, expense payment method, opportunity cost method, shadow engineering method, human capital method, etc.), revealed preference and alternative market method (travel cost method, prevention cost method and hedonic price method, etc.), simulation market value method(including contingent valuation method, carbon tax method and reforestation cost method)etc., has quantified the value of ecological function, such as epeirogenetic function, climatic regulation, flood regulating and water storage, degradation pollution, biological habitat, saline-alkali soil reclamation, at last it gets that the total value of Yellow River delta wetland ecological service function is15.685billion yuan.②Ecological function value of wetland unit area in the study area is higher than the national and global average level. The ecological service function value of global wetland unit area is55,420yuan per square hectares. The ecological service function value of Chinese wetland unit area is55,489yuan per square hectares. The ecological service function value of Yellow River delta wetland unit area is58,115yuan per square hectares. This is mainly because that the Yellow River delta wetland has relatively small human interference, large area of natural wetlands, stable ecological system, and it plays a good ecological function.③Different ecological functions have different value. In the evaluation of the ten ecological service functions, the material production function and the degradation pollutants function have the maximum value, respectively accounted for22.95%and20.36%of the total value. The second is water storage and flood regulating function and biological habitat function, respectively accounted for18.37%and11.27%of the total value. This shows the Yellow River delta wetland ecological service function takes material production, storage flood regulating, degradation pollution, biological habitat as primary, and takes climate improvement, protection in soil, leisure and travel, education and research and epeirogenetic function as secondary.④ Different wetland types have different value. From the total value, natural wetlands value is9.714billion yuan, much higher than the6.129billion yuan worth of artificial wetlands. From the unit area value, unit area value of artificial wetlands is54,172yuan per square hectares, lower than that of natural wetlands of57,963yuan per square hectares.⑤Compared with1992, in2010, wetland area of the study area decreased74,783.85hectares, which brought losses of ecological function value for4.35billion yuan, and pursuant to which formulate ecological compensation standard for the region’s average for58,115yuan per square hectares, natural wetland for57,880yuan per square hectares, constructed wetland for60,191yuan per square hectares. Compensation funds allocate for the beach wetland1.16billion yuan, reed wetland806million yuan, shrub and grassland752million yuan and others775million yuan.This paper also discusses the way to formulate eco-compensation standard according to the losses of wetland market value. According the results of remote sensing interpretation and actual survey, we know that there are all kinds of natural and anthropogenic factors, such as oilfield exploitation, environmental pollution, enclose shoals, Yellow River cutoff, storm tide disaster, coastal erosion and so on, which produced a number of problems and made a large loss in ecological value. As a result, the gradually reduced area, the transform of wetland, environmental pollution and the decrease of ecological functions are apparent in Yellow River delta wetland. There are two aspects losses in the decrease of wetland. One is direct loss which counts by marketable value. Another is called indirect loss which is confined by the cost of recover ecological environment. The loss of environmental pollution is calculated by the investment of environmental protection. The total compensation is calculated by the total loss of wetland ecological value, while the compensatory standard is established by the loss of value in unit area. Compared with1992, in2010, because of the wetland area decreased, the direct market value lose is1.194billion yuan, and the ecological indirect loss is219million yuan. Oil field environment pollution brought market value loss for228million yuan and wetland market value total loss for1.641billion yuan. The compensation standard of the market value loss calculation is2194yuan per square hectares per annum.Seen from the results of the above studies, compensation standard according to the wetland ecological function value loss is much higher than that according to the market value loss. This is mainly due to that the former fully considers the various kinds of wetland ecological functions value,the latter only considers the direct market value loss of wetland without the non-market value loss of wetland, such as climatic regulation value loss and biodiversity conservation value loss, etc.The feasibility is poor to put compensation standard formulated into practice according to the ecological function value loss. Because some ecological functions are abstract, such as climatic regulation, biodiversity conservation, etc., it is hard to be accepted by the masses at present. Meanwhile, as the standard consists of each function value of wetland, its results tower above the local economic development level and people’s ability and willingness to pay. The compensation standard formulated according to the market value loss, taking the loss of output value and profit caused by changes of wetland area into consideration. Therefore, it is more intuitive, and easier to be accepted by the masses, also conforms with the local economic development level and people’s ability and willingness to pay, so its operability is better.Because of the limit of material and the estimation methods, there are still errors between the actual value and the estimation results which can only reflect the ecological value and the compensation standard of the wetland in the research area to some extent. In the future study, we should constantly improve research methods to form a reasonable and feasible evaluation system. |
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