| Currently, the Chinese social economic transition has been in a key period when each kind of contradiction has been stood out. The social and economical transition and urban-rural restructuring have been reality issues which regional development should be faced with under the background of rapid urbanization. Agriculture and rural area have been confronted with three challenges which are food security, resource utilization and farmers’economic benefits following by significant changes of Chinese urban-rural population distribution pattern, land use pattern and man-land relationship pattern. As a place for human to settle, live, rest and do each kind of social activities, rural residential area, which is core of rural man-land relationship, is a center for human to do productive activity and social activities. At provincial and municipal level, rural residential land decreased has been lagged behind rural population urbanization; at county level, per capita rural residential land area is bigger; at peasant household level, the intensive use of rural residential land is low. Under the research background of opportunities and challenges combined which are the Chinese social economic transition development, urban-rural integration development and land efficient utilization demand, only take evolution process of rural residential land into the whole social economic transition development, and understand rural residential land evolution process and its environment effect in theory, it can effectively guide rural residential land reasonable regulation and sustainable development in practice. Therefore, this paper chooses Guni village, where is mountain area in Sichuan basin, in Tongnan County of Chongqing, and takes evolution characteristics of rural residential land in spatial and time dimension at village level and parcel level to analyze ecological effect of rural residential land evolution at village level and environment behavior effect at peasant household level, and establishes regulation system of rural residential land classification in hilly areas of Chongqing during transition period based on rural residential land development ability and household livelihood types. According to the theory and positive research, establish a research frame of rural residential land evolution at village level which is called TPMER, it can not only rich the theory of countryside settlements geography, but make a scientific significance of judging resource environment issues during rural residential land evolution process.Based on literature review, this paper establishes a research frame which is called TPMER to analyze rural residential land evolution at village level, and combines developing process theory and life-cycle theory into theoretical analytical framework of rural residential land evolution process, guided by the theory of country settlement geography, land resources, land use planning and land economics. Taking social economic transition as a clue and taking adjustment time of significant policies in China’ social economic development as pitch points, establish rural residential land use map at village level, spatial attribute data of rural residential land at peasant household level and social economic data during different time employing the method of field research which is called Participatory Rural Appraisal. Based on rural residential land evolution process at spatial and time dimensions and its characteristics in Guni village of Chongqing in resent30years since1980, analyzes evolution characteristics of rural residential land scale, space form, structure system and landscape pattern at village level, and sums up general rule of rural residential land evolution in space and time dimensions. According to rural-household differentiation and its type division, horizontally analyzes the interaction between rural-household differentiation and rural residential land evolution, and understand rural residential land evolution characteristics at parch level based on rural residential land scale, form, internal function structure and location condition in different types. Based on the summary of rural residential land evolution characteristics at village and peasant household level, finds out dominated driving force of rural residential land evolution from natural, economic and location aspects in different period, and constructs driving mechanism of rural residential land scale growth and its spatial pattern evolution at village level. Employing measure thought and method of ecological system service value, makes an evaluation of ecological effect produced by rural residential land area growth in different period at village level. Makes a discussion on coupling mechanism of rural residential land scale, its internal function structure evolution and its environment behavior effect at parch level from following aspects, which are living environment behavior effect, sewage disposal, domestic refuse disposal and energy consumption behavior effect in different types of peasant household. And according to spatial pattern, which is large distribution but small concentration, of rural residential land in Chongqing, puts forward to classification regulation thought, mode and reclamation direction of rural residential land which is in two different living forms that are inhabitation and living scattered. And finally provides regulation policies advice for rural residential land in hilly area of Chongqing based on optimized spatial grade of rural residential land at village level. The conclusion of this research could be summed up in the following aspects:(1) Rural residential land area in Guni village was22.7919hm2in1980, and increased to33.4657hm2in2012, and the average annual growth reached to1.21percent, and rural residential land area per person was increased from115.29m2per person in1980to147.04m2per person in2012, and the average annual growth reached to0.76percent. Rural residential land patch had been in a central tendency at time dimension, and expansion rate of rural residential land had experienced a process from pure extension to expansion and tightening being coexistence. Rural residential land patch was in an irregular shape, which was departed from circular and square at spatial and time dimensions. the spatial structure of rural residential land presented a evolution tendency from relatively centralized to comparatively decentralized, while spatial structure system of main settlements had a acute evolution with unreasonable grade. The landscape diversity of rural residential land patch and its uniform distribution degree had a further improvement at village level, but the landscape heterogeneity had been further stood out at group level. Leading factors, which were total population, quantity of labor force and peasant household, could promote the growth of rural residential land scale, while its diving force had a downward trends at time scale. Economic development level factors like average income were inducement factors, and its diving force had further strengthened at time level. And traffic location condition was one of the leading driving forces of newly-added rural residential land growth, and the growth of rural residential land since2005had been the result of new rural reconstruction policy-driven.(2) Peasants in Guni village has changed from homogenization led by planted and breeding industry into heterogeneity led by planted and breeding industry and non-agricultural technical management which was called rural-household differentiation, so peasants in Guni village would be divided into five types, which were separately agricultural type, agricultural-dominant type, locally non-agricultural dominant type, non-agricultural dominant in different places type and non-agricultural type. Peasants who were agricultural type and agricultural-dominant type were about56.21percent, and peasants who were locally non-agricultural dominant type were about11.51percent, and then peasants who were non-agricultural dominant in different places type and non-agricultural type were about32.28percent. Peasants who were dominated by planted and breeding industry had a largest rural residential land per household, peasants who were dominated by non-agricultural industry giving up the right of land far away from home had a largest rural residential land per capita, while peasants who were dominated by non-agricultural industry giving up the right of land but still stayed at home had the least rural residential land per household and per capita, those above were the characteristics of existing rural residential land scale in each peasant household. rural residential land used for non-agriculture industry and agriculture industry had the most complex spatial forms, while rural residential land used for locally non-agriculture industry and agricultural dominate industry had a comparably simple spatial forms which trended toward to regular square. House form was more compact and intensive for peasants who were locally non-agriculture industry type and agricultural dominate industry type, while house form was more un-consolidation and extensive for peasants who were agriculture industry type. Rural-household differentiation had little influence of rural residential land proportion used for yield function, but peasants who were non-agricultural had an high effect on its living function of rural residential land, in another word, the higher degree of non-agricultural, the strongest living function of rural residential land.Rural-household differentiation type had less significance of action mode of productive function for newly-added rural residential land, and service function of newly-added rural residential land which were for non-agriculture dominate livelihood type had gradually been weakened.(3) ArtificialEco-system like rural residential land has a negative effect on the whole ecosystem, and rural residential land extension has a negative influence of ecosystem in village. The ecosystem services value lose of rural residential land evolution in Guni village for recent30years has presented a tendency which firstly increased and then decreased. And the ecosystem service value loses of newly increased rural residential land during five phases were separately20.483million per hm2,23.425million per hm2,22.089million per hm2in unit area. With the fast development of social economy, people had paid more attention on ecosystem services value lose showing sustainable rising tendency since1990at time level.Ecosystem services value loses of newly-added rural residential land unit area were separately4.047million yuan per hm2,4.912million yuan per hm2,11.379million yuan per hm2based on peasants’willingness to pay in each phases. On one hand, it had strictly controlled expansion scale of rural residential land to improve intensive use of existing rural residential land; on the other hand, on the premise of controlling rural residential land scale, less occupied or unoccupied such land use patterns, like forest land, garden and cultivated land, which had high ecosystem services value function in the way of optimizing land structure to reduce ecosystem services value lose as far as possible made by rural residential land evolution.(4) The influence of living environment behavior for peasants who were dominated by non-agriculture industry including non-agriculture dominate type and non-agriculture type was obvious lager than peasants who were dominated by agriculture type by rural residential land pattern and land intensive use degree evaluated by house building time, house structure, house storey and floor area ratio. It had a negative influence of its sewage disposal by housing pattern, rural residential land intensive use, breeding houses area, productive function land proportion, while which had an positive effect on living land area, and rural residential land for agricultural productive service had a great effect on daily sewage disposal by peasants who were dominated by agriculture. The higher rural residential land intensive use, the smaller breeding productive land area, the less weaken service function of rural residential land for peasants who were living by agriculture, their daily sewage disposal behavior would be more harmless.The latest time of house building by peasants who were living by agriculture, the house structure was tend to brick-concrete structure, and the largest living land area, the lower proportion of firewood straws consume, while the higher proportion of productive function land in internal rural residential land use structure, the higher proportion of firewood straws consume. The higher rural residential land intensive use, the higher proportion of firewood straws consume.(5) Development ability of24main settlements in Guni village was in a common which was tend to moderate strong grade, while the internal diversity was little and its structure system was unreasonable, so the whole development ability still needed to be improved. The main settlements in Guni village could be divided into four adjusting and controlling patterns, which were separately moderate expansive type, moderate limited type, internal intensive type and key consolidation type, and divided scattered peasants household into preserving type. According to rural residential land classification adjusting strategies and its consolidation direction of two different living modality of peasants who lived in a compact community and lived scattered, put forward to5main settlements being dominate type which was about20.83percent,8main settlements being dominate-to-be type which was about33.33percent,11main settlements being general type which was45.84percent, and it had formed a spatial reconstruction pattern of rural residential land which was "dominate pattern in village-dominate pattern in group-common pattern in village-scattered pattern."It should guide rural residential land to make top-level design of spatial reconstruction combining related development plan, adapt to the requirements of rural-household differentiation and its transformation development, explore rural residential land control rules. It could provide policies suggestions for rural residential land regulation in hilly area at village level from the following aspects:(1) guide rural residential land to make top-level design of spatial reconstruction combining related development plan;(2) explore rural residential land control rules to adapt to the requirements of rural-household differentiation and its transformation development;(3) standard marketizing allocation of rural residential land by strengthening the relative polices which were to support agriculture and benefit farmers. This paper has explored evolution process, characteristics, tendency, its driving mechanism and ecological environment effect at village level and patch level based on rural residential land map and rural-household differentiation types, and constructed research framework, which was called "TPMER", of rural residential land evolution at micro level, it can provide a new research thought for land use change analysis at micro level. Based on driving force model of rural residential land evolution from "nature-economy-position" aspects, it could reveal that increase number of peasants is a main factor to promote the growth of rural residential land scale. At time level, the driving force of rural residential land growth at micro level has experienced among population driving, economy driving and environment policies driving, it could provide a new analysis prospective. According to spatial pattern, which is large distribution but small concentration, of rural residential land in Chongqing hilly area, puts forward to classification regulation thought, mode and reclamation direction of rural residential land in two different living forms that are inhabitation and living scattered from the following aspects which are development ability of settlements, rural-household differentiation types and housing condition, it can provide a new method system for realizing spatial reconstruction technical research on rural residential land at micro level. Simultaneously, this paper has shortcomings in the following aspects which are precision of survey data, driving mechanism and regulating analysis of cultural turning, and refining of case study and theoretical framework, because rural residential land evolution characteristics and its environment effect are a coupling process among social economy and ecological environment which are dynamic and complex. In the future study, it should enhance systematic study of following aspects:rural residential land evolution process and its rules during long periods of time in different functional areas, framework system of ecological environment effect of rural residential land evolution at micro level, and regulation measures of rural residential land based on multi-disciplinary integration and its strategy adaptability. In this way, it can provide scientific support for regulation management decision-making of rural residential land by government. |
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