The Climatic Characteristics And Its Influence On The Tobacco Chemical Components As Well As Regulation Methods In Henan Tobacco-growing Areas

Tobacco with characteristics is a result of many factors joint action such as characteristic ecological conditions, varieties and cultivars modulation techniques, characteristics of tobacco is produced in a specific ecological conditions, and some unique varieties under cultivation modulation technique and formed in the course of the cigarette industry. That is to say, the characteristics determined by the ecological conditions, varieties highlighting the characteristics, cultivation modulation technique guaranteed features. The climate is the most difficultly controlling and changing ecological condition factor, which plays a dominant role in the ecological factors. This study was designed to analyze characteristics and trends of climate comprehensively in Henan main tobacco production, so as to avoid disadvantages, to achieve optimal allocation of climatic resources at flue-cured tobacco different growth stages, to provide a reference for the recovery and highlighting of full-flavor characteristic of Henan tobacco leaves.In this study, the overall climate features and changing trend of Henan tobacco growing areas were analyzed with long-term climate data of44tobacco production counties, the climate was evaluated comprehensively using a mathematical model of membership function. The suitable climatic factors were chosen, and a climate feasibility evaluation system of flue-cured tobacco of the main producing areas of Henan tobacco was established. The relationship between climatic factors and chemical compositions and flavor ingredients of Henan tobacco was analyzed. To maximize utilization of climate resources, flue-cured tobacco transplanting and seedlings film down plant were tested. The main results are as follows:1. The overall climate characteristics of Henan tobacoo and its annual variation were analyzed comprehensively, according to the growth of high-quality tobacco for the demand of climatic conditions, weather conditions were evaluated the main tobacco producing areas in Henan, the limiting climatic factors for each cigarette area at different growth stages were cleared separately.(1) the amount of rainfall increased gradually at growing stage of Henan tobacco, over the years the average was600.1mm, Tendency to change rate0.3005mm/a; relative humidity increased gradually over the years with an average of74.0%, Tendency to change rate0.0549%/a; average temperature is rising, many years with an average of22.5℃, Tendency to change rate0.0122℃/a; sunshine hours showed a downward trend, with an average of1168.9h, Tendency to change rate-5.0206h/a.(2) rainfall of field growing season in Henan tobacco growing areas is:the south of Henan tobacco-growing areas>the middle of Henan tobacco-growing areas>the western of Henan tobacco-growing areas, where rainfall in roots stretch stage less than normal, prosperous long-term is more appropriate, mature stage is higher in the middle of Henan tobacco-growing area; rainfall at root elongation and vigorous growing stage are moderate and mature stage is more in the western of Henan tobacco-growing areas, south of Henan tobacco area were above normal precipitation in the three growth stages. Field period average temperature performance:western Henan (22.01℃)<middle Henan(22.18℃)<south Henan (22.90℃), the temperature rise is manifested:western Henan (0.0168℃/a)> middle Henan (0.0098℃/a)> south Henan (0.0061℃/a). Relative humidity is rising throughout the growth period:root elongation of<vigorous<maturity. Middle, western, and southern Henan humidity rises inconsistent at each growth period, and rising faster in the root stretch in middle and western Henan, rising faster at maturity in south of Henan. Sunshine of growing field as follows:western Henan tobacco>middle Henan tobacco>south Henan tobacco area, all can meet the needs of high-quality tobacco production. Rate of decline in italic:south Henan>middle Henan>western Henan. Total evaporation during the field as follows:western Henan> middle Henan>southern Henan, evaporation all declined at different growth stages, the rate of decline in italic in western Henan and middle Henan all showed:root spreading stage>mature stage>vigorous growing stage, while the south Henan tobacco area is that mature stage>root spreading stage>vigorous growing stage.2. Climate feasibility was evaluated comprehensively and regionalizated in Henan main tobacco producing areas44counties planting tobacco climate feasibility index (CFI) were estimated according to the determined climate suitability index system, Henan main tobacco producing areas will be divided into three zones with similar climate suitability, namely middle Henan, the western Henan and southern Henan tobacco producing areas, the CFI statistical results of the three tobacco producing areas showed that: western Henan tobacco(0.843) and middle Henan (0.759) greater than0.75, highly suitable climate, CFI coefficients of variation were13.10%,14.41%; south Henan (0.739) climate optimum, but larger CFI coefficient of variation for15.47%.3. The influence of climatic factors on the chemical composition and aroma components of Henan tobacco was analyzed, quantitative model about climatic factors influence the quality of full flue-cured tobacco was established. The total sugar content with humidity of root spreading stage and rainfall of maturity stage showed a significant negative correlation. Reducing sugar content with average temperature of middle and late field period (July to August) and rainfall of maturity stage showed negative correlation. Total nitrogen and the average temperature of root elongation stage of was negatively correlated, while total nitrogen with humidity of root elongation stage, rainfall and humidity of August was a positive correlation. Total alkali content related to sunshine of the early field stage (5-6months) showed negative correlation, while to rainfall of the early field stage, temperature and humidity of the middle and late field stage showed a positive correlation. Potassium content and hours of sunshine and humidity of the early and middle field stage was negatively correlated, positively correlated with the average temperature of the middle and late field stage. Chlorine content of tobacco and rainfall of root spreading stage was negatively correlated; meteorological factors that affect the total amount of tobacco neutral fragrant substances mainly are:rainfall of maturity stage, humidity of field growing period, average temperature of maturity stage, average temperature of root spreading stage, sunshine hours in May, the role followed by decreasing, which the May sunshine hours was significantly negative correlation, other factors were significantly positive correlation. meteorological factors that affect tobacco petroleum ether extract content mainly are: humidity of field growing period, average temperature in July and August, sunshine hours of root spreading stage, rainfall of field period (root spreading and maturity stage), the order of role descending, in which sunshine hours of root spreading stage was a significant negative correlation, while highly significant positive correlation with other factors. And the quantitative characteristics regression equation was established about climatic factors influence the quality of Henan full-flavor tobacco, including the total amount of neutral aroma substances, the total amount of petroleum ether extract, sugar to nicotine ratio and nitrogen to nicotine of tobacco, potassium to chloride five equations.4. Tobacco growing area similarity analysis was carried out using two vitou clustering analysis method, give consideration to both geospatial connectivity of tobacco growing area and the similarity on climatic conditions, the chemical composition of tobacco, fragrance ingredients, etc. Respectively, climatic conditions, chemical composition, aroma components as the standard for tobacco growing area spatial clustering, tobacco growing area can be divided into four similar climatic zones. region Ⅰ including Luoyang, Sanmenxia and Jiyuan, region Ⅱ including Xuchang, Pingdingshan, Luohe, region Ⅲ including Nanyang, region Ⅳ including Xinyang, Zhumadian, Zhoukou, Shangqiu. The climatic conditions and characteristics of aroma components of Nanyang tobacco growing area showed high similarity to middle Henan tobacco-growing areas, with the lower similarity to Xinyang and Zhumadian which are all in the south Henan tobacco growing area, which indicated that Nanyang tobacco growing area have more climate resources potential to tap than Xinyang and Zhumadian.5. According to the limiting climatic factors at tobacco different growing stages, the appropriate ahead of transplanting period supplemented by climate resources controlling methods of transplanting techniques in the film was confirmed with Xuchang as an example.(1) The results for the11transplanting theoretical period:CFI value of April30was highest, CFI value of April15, April20, April25were slightly lower, which is consistent with the foreign result of same similarity analysis of high quality tobacco area.(2) The transplanting stage of Xuchang tobacco area postponed, average temperature of root spreading stage increased significantly, average temperature of vigorous growing stage changed little, overall rainfall of root spreading stage below normal, overall rainfall of vigorous growing stage increased significantly, rainfall of maturity stage decreased linearly after the first rise, sunshine hours of field was significantly decreased, while the humidity of field growing period was significantly increased. Appropriately ahead of transplanting period can increase sunshine hours and reduce rainfall and relative humidity of maturity stage, which can help tobacco leaf falls yellow and harvest.(3) With the transplanting period delayed, the total sugar and reducing sugar in the same parts of the tobacco declined; total N increased; total plant alkaloid T1<T2<T3, T4had a certain degree of decline compared with T3; upper the lower potassium content decreased, the central part was not obvious; the central chlorine content T1<T2<T3, T4treatment have declined compared to T3, the lower leaves declined linearly; total content of aroma neutral and neophytadiene decreased; carotenoids and solanone content increased evidently; phenylalanine, browning reaction and farnesyl acetone showed a downward trend. Overall, tobacco transplanting on May1showed good economic traits and enough content of aroma.(4) Using down-film transplanting techniques, white mulch film can make temperature increase8.8℃and10cm ground temperature increase2.8℃before the ventilation hole tied, inside than outside temperatures increased4.7℃higher,10cm ground temperature2.2℃higher after the ventilation hole tied. T2treatment (April20transplant, the30th hole tied for ventilation, May10dig seedlings) corresponding to increase effective temperature of about135℃for tobacco seedling root spreading stage, good preventive effect of viral diseases transmitted by aphids, suitable for promotion in the tobacco area irrigated conditions are good applications.