| Aflatoxin(AFB1), Ochratoxin A(OTA) and Zearalenone(ZEA) are widespread mycotoxins that contaminate foodstuffs. Mycotoxins are responsible for many health and economic problems so it must be studied thoroughly in order to look for appropriate solutions. One of the main problems facing the agricultural sector is the contamination with mycotoxins either in field before harvesting or in food during preparation. Due to limited work in this field of study, especially with regard to dairy goats, the aim of this study was to observe the elimination pathways of Aflatoxin B1 combined with Ochratoxin and Zearalenone and there interaction to impact the performance and nutrient digestibility. A total of fifty Laoshan dairy goats in late lactating period with an average body weight(61.46 ±9.53)kg(mean ±SD) and milk production(1.0 ±0.45)(mean ±SD) were assigned in randomized complete block design. Animals were divided into five groups based on parity(primiparous or multiparous), average daily, milk yield and DMI. In each group ten goats were assigned as follow;The control group(A) was not intoxicated with any toxins, group B(50μg AFB1/kg of DM), group C(50μg AFB1+100μg OTA/kg DM), group D(50μg/kg AFB1+ 500μg ZEA/kg DM) and group E(50μg. AFB1+100μg OTA+500μg ZEA/kg DM), then the trial consisted eighteen days divided in to two periods, the first fourteen was intoxication; while the clearance period was from fifteen to eighteen days. Milk sample collection was carried to see the high concentration in day, and carryover % in steady state at 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 h, for4, 6, 9,12,14,15,16,17,18 days twice daily and mixed it to evaluate changes in milk AFB1 concentration, milk AFM1 secretion(milk AFM1 concentration × milk yield); and AF transfer from feed to milk(AFM1 secretion as a percentage of AF intake). The presence of AFB1 and AFM1 was detected in urine and feces 5 times in 11-12 in intoxication period and 15,16,17 and 18 d in clearance period, daily excretion of AFB1, AFM1,OTA,ZEA and α –ZEA in urine and feces and recovery of these mycotoxins. Fecal samples were analyzed for DM, CP, Fat, ADF, NDF and Ash to determine as a percentage of the nutrient intake not recovered in the feces.The result revealed that the combination of aflatoxin B1(AFB1), Zeralenone(ZON) and Ochratoxin(OTA)affected decreased Dry Matter Intake(DMI) significantly(P<0.05) compared with AFB1 single or combined with OTA or ZEA. Similarly, apparent digestibility DM, CP, OM, NDF and ADF% showed significantly decreased(P<0.001) difference for groups E compared with A, B, C and D. In FAT% there was significantly decrease(P<0.001) in group E compared with B, C, D. All these groups have significant decreae(P<0.001) with A. However, no significant difference was observed in body weight(BW) among the intoxicated groups. On the other side the milk yield in D and E groups appeared deterioration where the result showed that a significant decrease(P<0.05) in D and E compared with A,B and C, respectively.The combination of AFB1,OTA and ZEA(E group) showed improvement in the Fat% and milk dry mater rate. There was significant higher(P<0.05) in group E compared with A,B,C and D in fat percentage and milk dry matter rate respectively. Similarly, highly significant(P<0.05) difference in D compared withthe rest of the groups in Protein %, non fat solid% and lactose % Lactose rate and non fat milk solids percentage respectively.Except AFM1 the rest of the mycotoxins were not found in milk samples after 6h in all the intoxicated groups. The AFM1 was highest level in the first day then decreased on the second day and start the steady state to 14 d.The carry over percentage was ranging from(0.068-0.08%), when compared between groups the C and E had significantly(P<0.05) higher carry over percentage than A,B and D. after start of clearance period,the transfers of AFM1 continued 3 day but disappear in the fourth day.The presence of AFB1 and AFM1 was detected in urine and feces in an intoxication period, daily excretion of AFM1 in urine was significantly(p<0.05) higher in C compared with other groups. The quantity of AFB1 was very low in all the groups. In feces the excretion of AFM1 was highly significant(p<0.05) in D compared with other groups. The AFB1 was highly significant p<0.05 in B(single AFB1) compared with other The total recovery of AFB1 in urine and feces was significantly(p<0.05) higher than in C and D compared with A, B and E.The excretion of OTA in urine appear that there is a significant higher P<0.001 in C compared with A,B,D,E and E was significantly higher P<0.001 as compared with A,B,D. In feces the concentration of OTA was significantly higher in E compared with C, A, B, D were free from toxins while, the recovery of OTA was close between C and E 39.8%, 38.6%, respectively. The concentration of ZEA in urine was significantly higher P<0.001 in E compared with A,B,C and D and significantly higher P<0.001 in D compared with A,B and C. In feces a significant higher P<0.00 in D and E compared with A,B and C.The recovery of ZEA in E was higher than D, 30.9%-26.5%. The metabolite of ZEA, α–ZEA in urine was significantly higher P<0.001 in D and E compared with A,B and C while in feces significant higher P<0.001 in E compared with A,B,C and D but higher in D compared with A, B and C, the recovery of these metabolite was 16.2% to both D and E. The total recovery of ZEA and metabolite in E was higher than D was 47.1%, 42.5%.Finally, It is concluded that the combination of toxins according to rate of supplementation may be lead to change effect on milk production and milk composition,it less than USA and China limit(0.5 μg /kg)but higher than the ratios allowed in Europe(0.05 μg/kg), AFB1 single may be less influential than if has been mixture with more than one toxins and that the interaction of AFB1 + OTA and AFB1 + OTA+ZEA may be synergistic,while with AFB1+ ZEA may be less than additive. The interaction between mycotoxins varies depending on impact whereas when affected the performance of dairy goats or nutrition digestibility the combined interaction of AFB1 with OTA or ZEA lead to less than additive interaction effect while when combined between the AFB1,OTA and ZEA leads to synergistic. In case of the metabolism, the AFB1 a single was different when mixed with Ochratoxin it may be synergistic interaction while a less then additive with zearalenone but the combined of three groups lead to additive interaction. |
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