| "Songdi" is one of the herbs in the sub-classification of "Dida"(the Tibetan Yinchen) well-known as a traditional Tibetan medicine. It’s especially effective in treating diseases related to liver, gallbladder and digestive system.The basis of preliminary studies (Investigation on the species, sources and uses of "Songdi.")From2007to2011, a series of comprehensive field research were carried out to investigate the sources and uses of Dida. The surveyed areas, where the Tibetan medicine is widely used, are Tibet, Qinghai, Gansu, Sichuan, Yunnan, etc. The results clearly show Songdi is one of the herbs in the sub-classification of Dida. In the field research,47numbers (171pieces) of specimens related to Songdi were collected, of which22plants (including their varieties) were identified as coming from Saxifragaceae. Meanwhile,8batches of Songdi herbal samples were sourced from the Tibetan medical institutions, clinics, pharmaceutical companies and herbal markets.As is the traditional practice of Tibetans, the songdi herbs were collected in the neighborhood of their homes. This had inevitably led to a confusing variety of songdi picked from diverse sources. The study of each specimen’s origin, identification and source distribution showed that songdi’s dominant species is S.umbellulata var. Petinata, which is widely used by Tibetan medical institutions, pharmaceutical companies and sold in herbal markets. This finding is consistent with the description of authentic Songdi recorded in ancient Tibetan materia medica. S.umbellulata var. Petinata is also one of the four dominant species of Dida (the Tibetan Yinchen). In addition, S. unguiculata Engl, S. tangutica Engl, and S. przewalskii are the three most common adulterants or substitutes of "songdi" in most parts of Qinghai and Gansu and parts of Sichuan, Tibet and Yunnan."Songdi" has remarkable efficacy among Dida herbs. It’s especially effective in treating diseases related to liver, gallbladder and digestive system. That it appears to be irreplaceable in Tibetan medicine, distinguishes it from other Dida herbs. It’s one of the most used Tibetan herbs with significant effect and higher usage in the medical health system of Tibetan settlements such as Tibet and Qinghai. It is also a constituent of at least42kinds of traditional Tibetan medicine prescriptions that are readily available in the Tibetan pharmacies or hospitals. This herb has considerable development prospects.As the authentic origin of "Songdi", S.umbellulata var. Petinata, it is mainly distributed in northwestern Sichuan, Yarlung Zangbo River Basin in southeastern Tibet. It thrives in the rock crevices or slopes with bare ground where altitude is3000-4100m. Despite its large quantity in scattered distribution, its individual biomass is small. As the whole plant is picked at flowering stage, this seriously affects its seed production. Therefore, it’s in high risk of source extinction and is listed as a most endangered Tibetan medicine.This study addresses problems such as significant differences of Songdi’s names, origins and clinical uses in different Tibetan areas, and also the absence of a common standard for Songdi which make it nearly impossible to ensure the accurate and standardized use of this drug and other attendant issues. In further research,9chemical compounds are separated and identified after the systematic extraction and separation of Songdi. The quality standards are drafted in accordance with the technical requirement of the herbs standards of "Chinese Pharmacopoeia". In conclusion, the results are as follows:1The isolation and identification of chemical compounds in S.umbellulata var. PetinataBy using Silica gel column chromatography, reversed phase chromatography and other separation and purification technology, UV,1H-NMR and13C-NMR, GC-MS, HPLC-MS and other physical or chemical methods and spectral analysis,18compounds were separated, of which9compounds were identified. They are as follows:the saxifrage saponin A (I), hexanorcucurbitacin F (II), saxifrage saponin B (III), the saxifrage saponin C (IV), kaempferol-3-O-(6"-acetyl)-D-galactosidase (V),2’,4’,5,7-tetrahydroxy-5’-methoxyflavone (VI), quercetin (VII), chlorogenic acid (Ⅷ), rutin (IX). All of these components were separated from this plant for the first time, of which3are new compounds.2Study on the quality standard of Songdi (S.umbellulata var. Petinata)Based on the study of chemical constituents,10batches of S.umbellulata var. Petinata were tested to establish its quality standards for the first time. In formalizing the standards, Songdi’s source, character identification, microscopic identification and TLC identification are specified. The limits of moisture, total ash and acid insoluble ash are regulated in the item of [Check]. The content of extract is shown in the item of [Extract], In the item of [Content determination], in order to evaluate the quality of herbs comprehensively, the total content of flavonoids and saponins are determined by UV spectrophotometer, whereas, HPLC method is set up for the determination of the multi-component indicators. It’s specifically noted that for dry herbs, the total content of flavonoids in rutin (C27H30O16) term and saponins in ginsenoside (C54H92O23) term should not be less than7.0%and1.8%respectively when UV method is applied. As for using HPLC method, the content of chlorogenic acid (C16H15O6) should not be less than0.02%,the total content of rutin (C27H30O16) and quercetin (C15H10O7) should not be less than0.09%.3The HPLC fingerprint of Songdi (S.umbellulata var. Petinata)10batches of S.umbellulata var. Petinata samples, collected at different time and locations, were tested by HPLC method. This was followed by pattern analysis; definition of common peaks and similarity calculation using the chromatographic fingerprint similarity evaluation system (2004A edition), then combined with the result of clustering analysis using SPSS19.0statistical analysis software.9peaks were identified from the15common peaks calibrated by the compounds separated from S.umbellulata var. Petinata.Based on the above study,"the quality standards of S.umbellulata var. Petinata (draft)" and "instructions for the quality standards drafting of S.umbellulata var. Petinata" are drafted and recommended to Chinese Pharmacopoeia Commission as a new item to be recorded in the "Drug standard of ministry of public health-standards of Tibetan medicine (new version)"4Compare the difference of four species of SongdiMicroscopic identification, TLC identification and HPLC fingerprint were used to compare the difference between S.umbellulata var. Petinata and the other three species of Songdi (S. unguiculata Engl, S. tangutica Engl, and S. przewalskii). The above quality control methods are employed to distinguish the difference between these four herbs. |
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